Farley Mowat’s “Never cry wolf” Essay

Farley, Mowat’s â€Å"Never cry wolf,† is a book based on the research of the lifestyle of wolves in the Arctic Circle. Mowat uses his experience to educate the society of the social ills conducted by the hunters towards the wolves. The book displays the risk that the wolf pack families face due to the human activities in the area. The title of the book acts as a symbol in reference to the story of the boy who cried wolf. The book thus enables the reader to think beyond the tile so as to form an opinion of the author’s message. The book challenges the human communities who are in charge of the nature around them. Humans tend to overstep their authority by infringing on the rights of the wolves. The analysis of the book educates the society of the inhumane activities that humans are inflicting on the animals. â€Å"The wolf is a savage, powerful killer. It is one of the most feared and hated animals known to man and with excellent reason† Chapter 6, pg. 60. The passage showcases the dangers that the wolf portrays. Human beings often misinterpret the actions of the wolf due to its dangerous nature. Despite the fact that the wolf continues to become extinct, it poses a threat to the human beings who live next to the packs. This makes the world undesirable by man. â€Å"Evidence obtained by various Government agencies from hunters, trappers and traders seemed to prove that the plunge of the caribou toward extinction was primarily†¦ The intervention by the government saw the danger that the wolves are exposed to. Human activities were mostly responsible for these dynamics making them the number on culprits. This also displayed possible extinction of the breed of wolves if authorities continued to ignore the circumstances. â€Å"I had made my decision that, from this hour onward, I would go open-minded into the lupine world and lean to see and know the wolves, not for what they were supposed to be, but for what they actually are† Chapter 7, pg. 77. Morwat made a personal decision to protect the wildlife from the outside environment. One of the steps he takes is orienting himself with the lives of the wolves. This involves learning about the exact nature of the wolves instead of forming an assumption about them. This in turn will help remove the ignorance that he had so as to improve society’s awareness of the wolves. In conclusion, human beings are responsible for the surrounding environment. This involves observing the safety of all animals in and outside the wild. This is however, not the case in that the number of wild animals continues to diminish due to the human activity. The wolves are one of the animals that continue to face the wrath of human beings. The analysis of the book is thus ideal for the education of the public. This in turn will improve the existing relationship between man and nature.

Ibdp Biology Sl Specimen Exam Paper

N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 88086004 Biology Standard level PaPer 1 Monday 17 November 2008 (afternoon) 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES †¢ †¢ †¢ Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all the questions. For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided. 8808-6004 13 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2008 –– 1. Which of the following characterizes tissues? A. B. C. D. A group of cells that develop independently. A group of organs that have the same function. A group of cells that have the same function.A group of organs that have the same structure. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 2. Which of the following explains how brain cells develop to carry out their functions? A. B. C. D. The cells have interacted to become brain cells. The cells have evolved that way. Some genes are expressed while other genes are not. All genes are expressed in the brain cells. 3. The following is a diagram of a prokaryote. I. II. III. IV. Which two structures are required for protein synthesis in this cell? A. B. C. D. 8808-6004 III and IV II and IV II and III I and II } –– 4. What is necessary for osmosis to occur? A. B. C. D.A membrane protein A partially permeable membrane A source of energy A cell wall N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 5. In a cell the nuclear membrane has broken down and spindle microtubules from both poles are attached to each centromere of chromosomes aligned on the equator. Which phase of mitosis does this describe? A. B. C. D. Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase 6. Which of the following contain the element phosphorus? A. B. C. D. Amino acids Viruses Ribose Deoxyribose 8808-6004 Turn over –4– 7. Which diagram correctly illustrates a glucose molecule? A. H C OH CHOH C H OH C H C. H N H C H N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+B. O H C OH O C H N H C H C OH CHOH C H H C OH O H H C OH C OH H C OH H O D. CH (CH)n C O OH 8. The following diagram shows the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. What explains the lack of activity at high temperatures? Rate of enzyme activity optimum temperature Temperature /  °C A. B. C. D. The active site no longer has the required shape. All the substrate has been used. All the enzyme has been used. Theactivesiteiscompletelyfilledwithsubstrate. 8808-6004 –– 9. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ Which of the following correctly show the process and location for pyruvate formation? Process A. B. C. D. erobic cell respiration respiration photosynthesis photosynthesis Location cytoplasm chloroplast cytoplasm chloroplast 10. A molecule has two guanines, one cytosine, three riboses and three phosphates arranged in a single strand. What kind of molecule is this? A. B. C. D. DNA RNA A triplet of DNA nucleotides A polysaccharide 11. In photosynthesis, light energy is used to split water molecules. Which products are formed and what is the name of the reaction? Products formed A. B. C. D. hydrogen and ATP hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen and ATP hydrogen and oxygen Reaction photolysis photolysis hydrolysis hydrolysis 8808-6004 Turn over 6– 12. What can be concluded from the following data? N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 1   4  6 7 8  10 11 1 1 14 1 16 17 18 1 0 1  X Y A. B. C. D. Karyotype of a male with a normal set of chromosomes DNAprofilingofamalewithDownsyndrome DNAprofilingofamalewithanormalsetofchromosomes Karyotype of a male with Down syndrome 13. The genotypes of two parents are HbA HbA and HbA HbS. What are the likely phenotypes of their children? A. B. C. D. 7 % healthy 0 % may develop sickle-cell anemia  % may develop sickle-cell anemia 100 % healthy 8808-6004 –7– 14. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ The gel image shown below has two lanes.The DNA is loaded onto the gel at the origin. To separate the DNA fragments a negative charge is applied to the origin of the gel. What conclusi on could be made about the DNA fragments? 1 origin  A. B. C. D. The size of the DNA fragment in Lane 1 is greater than in Lane . The charge of the DNA fragment in Lane  is positive. The size of the DNA fragment in Lane  is greater than in Lane 1. The charge of the DNA fragment in Lane 1 is positive. 15. Which of the following best describes sex linkage? A. B. C. D. The condition will be inherited only by sons. The condition will be inherited only by daughters.The condition may be inherited by sons and daughters. The condition will be inherited by more daughters than sons. 16. A human gene is cloned into a plasmid and put into a host cell. Which enzymes are used for this gene transfer? A. B. C. D. Restriction endonuclease and DNA ligase DNA polymerase and DNA ligase Restriction endonuclease and DNA polymerase DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase 8808-6004 Turn over –8– 17. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ Which of the following best describe(s) all the descendants of a clon e? I. II. III. A. B. C. D. I only I and II only I and III only I, II and III They have the same chromosomes.They share one parent. They are sterile. The following diagram of a food web refers to questions 18 and 19. hawk fox small birds badger hedgehog shrew beetles slugs mice woodlice rabbits grass 18. Which organism(s) in the food web above is(are) both secondary consumer(s) and tertiary consumer(s)? A. B. C. D. Hawk and fox Hawk and hedgehog Fox and badger Hawk only 8808-6004 –– 19. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ If 1 000 000 J m– yr–1 of sunlight is assimilated by the grass in the food web, how much energy would be available to the badger? A. B. C. D. 10 to  J m– yr–1 100 to 00 J m– yr–1 00 to 1000 J m– yr–1 00 to 10 000 J m– yr–1 0. The average weight of walnuts from one group of trees was 8.  g with a standard deviation of 1.  g. Which conclusion can be drawn from these data? A. B. C . D.  % of all walnuts from these trees weigh between .  g and 11.  g. 68 % of all walnuts from these trees weigh between .  g and 11.  g. The minimum weight of walnuts from this tree is .  g. The maximum weight of walnuts from this tree is 11.  g. 21. Which of the following gases contribute to the greenhouse effect? I. II. III. A. B. C. D. I only I and II only II and III only I, II and III Methane Water vapour Nitrogen 8808-6004 Turn over – 10 – 22.What is the main cause of variation in a species? A. B. C. D. Meiosis Mitosis Random mating Emigration N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 23. The diagram below represents the human digestive system. 1 4   Which of the following correctly represents the labels? Esophagus A. B. C. D. 1 1 4  Gall bladder 4 4  1 Small intestine   1  Pancreas    4 8808-6004 – 11 – 24. What type of blood does the left atrium of the heart receive? A. B. C. D. Deoxygenated blood from the lungs Oxygenated blood from the r ight ventricle Oxygenated blood from the lungs Deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 5. What will be an effect of HIV infection on the immune system? A. B. C. D. Antigens no longer bind to antibodies. Number of active lymphocytes is increased. Antibody production is limited. HIV patient will fall ill more frequently. 26. A person is suffering from an illness and the doctor prescribes an antibiotic to treat the disease. What is the patient likely to suffer from? A. B. C. A viral infection A prokaryotic infection An eukaryotic infection Theflu(influenza) D. 8808-6004 Turn over – 1 – 27. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ The diagram below shows the female reproductive system and associated organs.X Y Z Which of the labelled structures correctly identify the cervix, urethra and ovary? Cervix A. B. C. D. Z Y Y Z Urethra X Z X Y Ovary Y X Z X 28. Which conditions apply to gas exchange in the lungs when the blood arrives there from the body? Blood oxygen concentration A. B. C. D. same as inhaled air higher than inhaled air lower than inhaled air same as inhaled air Blood carbon dioxide concentration higher than inhaled air lower than inhaled air higher than inhaled air lower than inhaled air 8808-6004 – 1 – 29. Which of the following events leading up to birth is correct?A. B. C. D. Progesterone levels increase, oxytocin decreases. Progesterone levels decrease, oxytocin increases. Progesterone levels increase, oxytocin increases. Progesterone levels decrease, oxytocin decreases. N08/4/BIOLO/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX+ 30. What should happen after a meal? A. B. C. D. Blood glucose concentration rises and insulin concentration increases. Blood glucose concentration decreases and glucagon increases. Blood glucose concentration rises and insulin concentration decreases. Blood glucose concentration rises and glucagon concentration stays the same. 8808-6004

Modern Society is too Dependent on Technology Essay - 1

Modern Society is too Dependent on Technology - Essay Example uestion or occurrences, interviews, the growth rate of the technology and the efforts the modern society is doing to ensure that they keep in track in with the advancing technology. The position of supporting the topic is generated from obvious assumptions that the modern society cannot exist without technology. This assumption can be shared by a majority of the population living in the modern society (Morton, 2003). Homesteads and offices have been turned in to technology hubs. The position has also been influence by what goes on in my daily life; the life which highly depends on technology. In supporting my position, the modern society provides all the support. The society we live in has been exposed to technology which has made them dependent on it. According to Bauchspies, Croissant & Restivo (2005) the depth of which the society has been attached to technology cannot be reversed. Technology has impacted the society at all angles. For instance, walking into a modern office the number of electronics cannot be compared to that of paper stationeries. A modern office would have less effectiveness if they failed to use technology. The use of technology in the modern business has been termed as the best way of gaining a larger competitive advantage. According to Bauchspies, Croissant & Restivo (2005) the modern market is best accessible through the use of technology. This includes use of social sites for advertisement. Social sites provide about 30 percent the whole market in the corporate. Minus the social sites, it is visible how the corporate world would be affected. A look in both medical and scholarly institutions the scenario is the same. The operations in these institutions have been transformed to only be supported by technology. This eases the mode of operations in institutions. Computers have replaced the ancient process of records management and issuance of credit services. In proving these claims, the observing method would provide extensive answers.

What do you consider to be the importance of witches in Macbeth Essay

What do you consider to be the importance of witches in Macbeth - Essay Example Their very presence offers a comparison between good and evil, natural & the supernatural, contrasting morality with Macbeth's ambition. It empowers Shakespeare to not only single out Macbeth's weak trait, but also stresses on these human flaws, which at certain times becomes a thin layer of difference between humanity and supernatural powers. Time element plays a dubious role because the "weird sisters" do not tell Macbeth what time he would become king; they predict such a happening in future but without specifying the time of his becoming the king. Therefore, their foretelling negates time. The impact of this negation of time element might indicate that the witches’ foretelling is a puzzle to be solved, and that the impact it has on Macbeth, leads him rather from listening to taking action. It derives then that the notion of the witches and their extra-ordinary abilities, are conspiring Macbeth's mind; he is instigated to fulfil his desires. It offers an evaluation of his p sychological state and feeling of humanity, knocking at Macbeth's human instinct. The presence of witches creates an element of uncertainty in the character of Macbeth. His state of mind remains unstable to the extent of further deterioration throughout the play. Audience reacts by studying Macbeth’s state of mind.... That’s the reason behind Shakespeare making extensive use of the â€Å"weird sisters†, bringing about a transformation in the character of Macbeth, as he murders King Duncan and his so-called best friend, Banquo. The clear purpose of Shakespeare's inclusion of the witches and their wicked ways was to create element of horror for his 17th century spectators (Aimee par. 5). Comparing present-day spectators of Shakespeare’s Macbeth with Shakespeare’s audience, one does not feel that emotional reactions to the appearance of ghostly figures would be the same. Modern spectators have gone through different and varied experiences and do not relate themselves with fearful expressions; rather they may take such appearances funny way. Portrayal of witches in Shakespeare’s times was inhuman. â€Å"You should be women; and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so† indicates that the witches are neither masculine nor feminine. Shakespeare has given a totally distinct image of the witches. Perhaps, he wanted to give a message that human beings blamed for being witches were falsely implicated, as witches looked abnormal and inhuman in appearances (Aimee par. 6). Shakespeare has given a different colouring to his presentation of witches, alluding them to human desires, suggesting them to be the inside presence of evil in Macbeth and human beings. It is the personal decision of each human being to bend before the evil inside or not. It also indicates that witches are just representations of one’s own mind’s evil, as it is weaved in Macbeth’s mind; actually, these are the spiritual framings of his inner desires (Aimee par. 7). Witches succeed in instigating Macbeth to the extent that

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power Essay

Is the management of culture an ethically acceptable use of power - Essay Example ly, exercising given powers in a way that recognizes important issues to deal with, establishes priority areas in addition to sorting out competing values while the third aspect calls for moral evaluation where analytical skills are used in evaluating available options. These are a few aspects to consider when making value judge on whether management of culture is an ethically acceptable use of power or not. Therefore, ethical behaviour from those in authority is an important component of organizational culture given the need to be fair and just when handling different groups that interact during the operation of organizational activities (Johnson 2011). Ethical discussions about management of culture should be based on the reasons and importance of having a strong organizational culture. Strong organizational culture is an essential component that creates the necessary environment for achievement of organizational objectives, motivation of employees to be more productive in addition to enhancing management’s decision making process. Consequently, the use of power by any official should be directed towards achieving these goals (O’Donnell and Boyle 2008). Managers should not use the need for an established culture to target those who are perceived to have contradicting views on how to run the organization. Ethical decision-making should ensure that all with divergent views are accommodated into the organization. Trevino and Brown (2004) note the importance of making moral judgement by focusing on what is right and not necessarily doing what is right when making decisions that affect the organization. The authors assert that principled individuals have a high disposition to stick to their moral judgments even under pressure where they are more likely to resist pressure to behave unethically. Resistance emerging from the individuals who oppose new measures aimed at transforming existing culture or changing it completely most often frustrates managers (Secord

Mathematics learning Theories 02 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mathematics learning Theories 02 - Essay Example Behaviorism Theory in learning considers observation on behaviors of students. Learning takes place when there is an increase in behaviors considered positive and reduction in behaviors considered negative. The theory compares mind to muscle and that they both benefits from exercise (Schoenfeld, 2013). In this theory, learning results from direct interaction with the environment. The theory uses rewards as reinforcements for good behavior and punishment for those having undesired behaviors. Cognitive learning theory explains how a person perceives information from the environment to the cognitive part of the brain. Cognitive theory considers the ability of human to be conscious of their thoughts. The information modifies the cognitive part in the brain to meet the environmental demands (Hoyles & Lagrange, 2010). The theory looks at the thinking and cognitive development depending on ages. As a child grows, the cognitive development also occurs through equilibration and understanding of concepts. In equilibration process, an individual balance both the ability to assimilate and accommodate new information. In constructivism theory of learning, the students or personal understanding of a concept that is independent of the other. In this mode of learning, a teacher does not lecture or transfer mathematical knowledge but provide students with situations to make mental constructions on their own (Instructional design, 2015). The constructivism theory encourages dialog in learning between students and teachers. How individuals acquire knowledge becomes the focus in this theory. It purports that challenges and questions lead to acquiring knowledge in learning mathematics through engagement in problem solving and the environment. The aim of this theory is to improve teaching and learning in classes through engagement of both students and teachers. This theory model faces challenge in creating situations that support students’ explanation while at the

Roles of Multidisciplinary Teams for Chronic Patients Assignment

Roles of Multidisciplinary Teams for Chronic Patients - Assignment Example In respect to this, it is important that it is known that most of the chronic infections are hereditary while other are dependant on the nature of life for example smoking. They can only be treated since cure is not possible. Chronic diseases cut across the board in what is referred to as A to Z. there are numerous categories of chronic diseases starting from Arthritis, Alzheimer's to zoonoses chronic illness that are passed from animals to human, avian flu is an example (Brighton, 2005). Of recent obesity has also added onto the long list of the chronic diseases. The cost of maintaining life in the presence of the chronic illness is seriously expensive and inmost case if one can not afford the cost then they simply succumb. For example in diabetes, there is need to inject insulin on a daily basis for those with the acute form (Brighton, 2005). Since most of the chronic illness cannot be completely be cured, there is extensive support from the health care providers such that the pati ent are given the orientation on how to manage some errands on their own. Before leaving the hospital the patient are given the basics of their condition and how to manage the conditions in the absence of the doctor (Larsen, Pamala, and Ilene, 2009). Cases of chronic illness can most likely lead to the disillusionment of the patient in taking care of themselves, this is because of the constantly recurring illness condition that requires very close monitoring and any complacency may be lethal to ones life. This make the patient to have the feeling that they are not able to enjoy life and get to be depressed and can developed great sense of trauma. In this case the patients require psychological therapies (Lubkin, Ilene, and Pamala, 1988). The trauma that is experienced by the patients can be horizontally be transferred to the heath care givers and even to the close family members in what is referred to as compassion fatigue or burnout. Compassion fatigue is defined as the cost of pro viding care to the patients as one tends to empathize with them to the extent that they themselves get affected (Ackley, & Ladwig, 2010). In the contemporary society, one of the most worrying chronic infection is the oncology cases, the development of cancerous cases is on the rife and this is attributed to the lifestyle that majority of the peoples have opted for. For this purpose, the prevalence and incidence of the cases of chronic infections will be considered. Prevalence of a disease consider finding the rate at which the disease spreads while in incidence, we do considers a snapshot number of the individuals who are victims as at a specific time (Funk, 2001). Characteristics of chronic diseases Chronic diseases have many factors in common; most of the chronic diseases are brought about by the lifestyle led by the individual. The emergence of these illnesses are solely brought by the nature of the life they opt for, for instance, in the over consumption of alcohol is known to o verwork the pancreases and this impairs the performance of the pancreas and may not be in a position of secreting the necessary hormones that are required for the regulation of some important factors like the control of the sugar level in

Extended Service Encounter Reflective Journal Essay

Extended Service Encounter Reflective Journal - Essay Example The term ‘service encounter’ refers to ‘the contact situation between service customer and service firm when the service is being created’ (Se? Ler, 2009, p. 4), and as such is ‘one of the most central and controversial concepts in the service marketing literature’ (Grillmair, 2008, p. 4). The service encounter is important because customer perception is created by their most vivid impression of the service that takes place during the service encounter. There are three types of service encounters: episodic, consisting of a single occurrence producing a single revenue stream for the business, and a defined service duration; extended, which consists of an episodic service encounter but allowing for multiple service types; and continuous, which consists of multiple occurrences with multiple revenue streams, with an undefined service duration, multiple episodic or extended service encounters, and a relational exchange focus (Hume & McColl-Kennedy, 1 998). In this discussion, the aim is to create a diary of service encounters in the course of an extended service encounter. ... ement product requiring intimate participation of the customer in the process); (2) the pleasantness or unpleasantness which the customer felt for the duration of the service encounter; and (3) the lasting impression derived by the customer from the encounter. While it is true that all of us react to service encounters, not all of us react in the same way because of differences in cultural backgrounds, psychological make-up, and personal circumstances that make each of us unique (Grillmair, 2008). Therefore for the purpose of this study, there will be no better subject than this writer, to describe the feelings and impressions garnered during the exercise. I shall provide a service encounter journal of an experience I myself had undertaken, describing actions, thoughts and feelings that shaped the service encounter. Thereafter, the journal entries shall be analysed on a per-event basis, to break down the service encounter experience and later integrate them into a holistic account of what it takes for a customer to be satisfied. 2. The Service Provider Days Hotel is a popular chain of hotels that has established a global presence. Noted for its ‘affordable luxury’ and ‘ambience of carefully cultured elegance,’ the hotel is pleasantly appointed, unpretentiously four-star, and makes one feel at home with a modest kind of comfort. This local subsidiary is a take-off from its parent company, Days Inn of America, but it has evolved into an establishment that embodies both the warm hospitality of the locality and the service quality for which the brand is known. The company slogan is: â€Å"We make your day.† This is apparently a witty use of the word ‘day’ which comprises the hotel’s brand, while at the same time conveying in a simple and straightforward manner

The main factors affecting the quality of the external audit in the UK Dissertation

The main factors affecting the quality of the external audit in the UK - Dissertation Example This therefore requires an improvement in the quality of the external audit and how it can be improved in order to ensure that the external audit could help to safeguard the interests of different stakeholders. This topic is important in the sense that it can help to identify, within specific context of UK, some of the factors which can contribute towards improving the quality of the audit. Investors and shareholders can be more assured about the overall credibility of the audit and what factors they can look into when assessing the overall quality of the audited financials. Researcher aims to explore the overall nature and the extent of factors affecting the quality of the external audit. On a broader level, this research study will explore different concepts related with the quality of the audit, identification of different methods which are used to improve the quality of external audit as well as the quality and nature of the impact of such factors on the overall quality of the ex ternal audit in UK. ... (Causholli & Knechel, 2009) As such when a conflict of interest arises between agent and the principal, agents may take actions which may not be entirely in the best interests of the principals. In order to narrow that gap, a financial reporting mechanism is prepared which is duly supported by the independent external auditors to ensure that the financial reporting made by the management is free from errors and frauds. The overall concept of audit quality therefore is linked with how well the function of external audit is successful in highlighting and detecting material errors in the financial statements while at the same time reduce the information asymmetry between the shareholders and management of the firm. Underlying the concept of external audit is also the reduction of the information asymmetry between the shareholders and the management of the firm. Preparation of financial statements is one of the key functions management has to perform in order to inform the shareholders a nd other stakeholders about the overall performance of the firm during given period of time. As such, it is through the financial statements that the management informs the shareholders regarding the overall quality and effectiveness of the management as the same has to translate into better financial position and profitability for the firm. Reducing the information asymmetry therefore can further improve the credibility of the financial statements but also provide a third party endorsement that the financial statements are prepared in true and fair nature. The concept of Audit quality and factors affecting it Audit quality is one of the much

Japanese Fishing Industry Essay Example for Free

Japanese Fishing Industry Essay The fishing industry in Japan is considered to be one of the several primary industries along with other sectors such as agriculture and forestry. These sectors employed about one-third of the Japanese population and also provides food for millions of Japanese people. Japan has one of the largest numbers of fishing boats compared to other countries. Many people residing in villages that lie along the Japanese coast have fishing as their main occupation. The Japanese fishermen tend to fish in shallow sea waters. Most of the village fisherman own small boats and function independently. The coastal fishing occupation adopted by traditional Japanese fishermen tends to supply about a quarter of the fish required by the country. Offshore fishing provides more than 50% of the fish and deep-sea fishing provides about 25 to 30% of the fish required by the country. Large Japanese fishing corporations employ thousands of Japanese fishermen, use modern ships, and utilize sophisticated fishing techniques. These ships can hold more than 100 tons of fish, compared to 10 tons carried by local fishermen. Most of the fish caught by the Japanese fishermen and fishing corporations tend to be consumed by the local population. Besides deep sea fishing and costal fishing, the Japanese also harvest fish from fresh water (such as lakes and rivers) and also breed fishes in fish and shrimp farms. Fishing as an occupation was taken up by 1. 5% of the Japanese population. This figure declined to 0. 4% in 2000. Ever since the severe energy crisis in 1973, the deep-sea fishing industry in Japan has seriously suffered. In the 1980’s, the offshore fishing industry experienced a number of up and downs. The Japanese demand for imported fish has increased in recent years (it was 3. 1 million tons in 1999 and rose to over 5 million in 2002). The country is trying to meet a 10 million ton demand annually. 2. Describe the cultural significance of fish to the Japanese society. Fish forms a very important part of the Japanese cuisine. About 70 kgs of fish is being consumed by one Japanese individual in a year. Sushi is a traditional Japanese dish that contains fillings made of seafood. The fish meat may be raw, cooked, marinated or blanched. Vegetables, mushrooms, rice, eggs and even meat form an important part of the dish. Japanese restaurants that dispense Sushi through conveyor belts have become popular. Sushi is placed in a color-coded plate to suggest the rate. Sushi had been originally developed as a process of preserving seafood. There are more than ten to fifteen thousands restaurants in Tokyo that serve Sushi. Usually fresh fish is used to prepare Sushi, as it is consumed raw. The Japanese have also begun to domestic various varieties of fish especially the Koi for ornamental purposes. The tattoos and designs on the Koi fish are considered to be lucky in Japan. Traditional Japanese gardens contain ponds with a number of Koi fish in them. 3. Give statistics of amount of fish consumed, harvested. Over fishing? Fish is considered to be a staple diet of the Japanese, and a source of proteins. Fish has traditionally been a Japanese dish, and the UN-FAO considers that the Japanese consume about 30% of the World’s fish. In fact, the most fish consumed by any country in the world is Japan. The per capita consumption of fish per individual is about 70 kgs. Some of the fish commonly consumed by the Japanese include bright-red sea bream (kinmedai), swordfish, tuna, shark, sardines, mackerels, sperm whale, shell fish, squid, scallops, octopus, puffer fish, shrimp, etc. The Japanese fishing industry collect about 10 million metric tons of fish every year (1992). China catches about 17 million metric tons of fish every year, but that is because it is the most populated country in the World. In 1984, the catch of fish peaked at about 13 million metric tons, but dropped to half that number (6. 4 million metric tons) in 2000. In recent years, fish caught close to the Japanese coasts have been found to be contaminated with toxic substances. Besides, the catch of fish is also decreasing. The Japanese health ministry in fact has warned Japanese pregnant women to reduce consumption of fish. The Japanese feel that commercial whaling should be permitted due to these developments (commercial whaling has been banned since 1986). The demand of fish has decreased in Japan, and the rates have fallen by over 40%, because the people fear consuming fish. The Japanese consider survey demonstrating the quantity of mercury and other poisonous substances present in the fish. 4. Give examples of issue’s Japan has with it neighbors about fishing rights. The Japanese have several issues regarding rishing with their neighbors, such as China, Korea and Russia. The main problem lies in the fact that the Japanese consume about a third of the World’s fish harvested. The demand in the domestic market is so high that it has become a common practice to trespass upon the fishing territories of other countries. The Sea of Japan is considered to be an active fishing zone by Korea and Japan. The UN convention adopted a Sea Law in 1994, which provided an exclusive economic zone of 200-nautical miles to each country, and sovereignty over 12-nautical miles. The imaginary border lines in the sea between both the countries had been ignored, and hence triggered off serious fishing competition in the 1990’s. The natural fishing resources were so extensively exploited such that it could not be restored. The fishing agreement between the Japanese and the Koreans (1965) was being eliminated in 1998, after the UN developed its ‘Laws of the Sea’. International ties were being ruined between both the countries because they had destroyed the natural resources. The issue had to be urgently sorted out before the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Both countries agreed to follow the 135 degrees East longitude as the boundary. They also agreed to reduce the number of ships and the amount of fish caught in their neighbor’s exclusive zone.

Role And Ethics Of Pakistani Media Media Essay

Role And Ethics Of Pakistani Media Media Essay Media has become double-edged sword for a society while it has the power to shape and reshape public opinions. Media has been playing very effective role since its inception, with the passage of time gained extraordinary power. It can influence and change the beliefs, norms and the structure of a society. Latest technologies have exceptionally amplified the power and utility of the mass media and at the same time have put huge pressure on media scholars to rethink and redefine the guidelines of ethics for media practitioners. Media can form the public opinion from one point to another. Media has vital compulsion towards the society as it has to inform to educate and to entertain but it has been working as opinion maker more than else. It can change a hero to villain and a villain to hero. There are some ethics that media has to follow according to the societys norms. These ethics are not the written rules that state promulgates but the sense of responsibility make media to follow the m. Every society has its own norms that cannot be implemented on others so media has to follow different norms in different societies. Research work of Kai Hafez, Journalism Ethics Revisited: A Comparison of Ethics Codes in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia (2002), discussed about the ethics of media in Muslim and European states that what ethical codes those states have. Muslim rulers did not allow media to be free. They imposed strict policies on freedom of expression and freedom to information. The study revealed that political frame for a free media was established in a country and free expression is the inevitable consequence. Media, in Muslim states, cannot criticise and negatively depict their rulers. The study also argued regarding the ethics of media as western media demands for a common global ethics, which should be noticed as western media programmes that are available in Muslim states like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan etc, creating ethical problems regarding the social norms as it promotes pornography taken as cultural invasion into Eastern societies that are not much open like West. Journalism ethics in Europe and in Islamic world have evidently diverse corridors. While talking about Islamic world, the state authorities promulgate ethics, which make difficult to cover the important issues of the society. While in West, media ethics protect the individual rights to express almost everything. These diversities established that Western codes promote individualism and the codes followed in Islamic states are based on collectivism. The codes of ethics for good journalism seem more complicated. Both sides, West and Islamic states, try to protect personal privacy or even try create balance in news coverage according to the norms of their society. Islamic codes are stricter as compare to Western codes that provide much protection of privacy and sensationalism. However, it came with lower freedom of expression in news coverage regarding the state, the society and religion. Arab states stand first in strictness as Saudia Arabia does not allow publishing or broadcasting any thing even against their sect and other Arab states as well as other oriental states follow these traditions. Islamic Mass Media Charter of Jakarta 1980 demands journalists to be more loyal with religion that is impossible in West. Although rights of freedom of expression are inbuilt parts but only in documents and most Islamic codes, restrict the freedom of expression. Some Islamic states have misused the traditions and norms of their societies for their own interests of remain in power as long as they want or at least as they can. In western states, individuals have been enjoying freedom of speech and have talked about every issue openly what they want to discuss. Comparison between these two codes is much easy to distinguish them as both are going on opposite direction. Role and Ethics in Pakistani Media Media Ethics in Pakistan, a research report of Gilani Research Foundation (GRF) was selected to review its results and findings as well as its effect on developing code of conduct for Pakistani media. The organization is working to enhance and support scientific methods in the field of social and political research. The aim of the organization is to train and support the Pakistani social scientists, market researchers, media planners about the nuances and challenges of research in Pakistani environment. The report was developed after a survey back in 2002 in Pakistan. In its introduction, report presents a comprehensive analysis of the role of Pakistani media as it says the role of media has significantly been increased in Pakistani society. Media is affecting people personally, socially and politically. In 2007, Pakistani people were watching talk shows more than entertainment programmes. Two reasons were behind that increase in talk shows viewership, one was that those kinds of programmes were new to Pakistani society and the other was that Pakistani people take interest in political issues and current affairs that attracted people. The report also examine the scope of the media that has been stepped-up however, before 2001 country had only PTV, a state-run television channel, which had provided news, entertainment etc., People did not have any other choice of watching TV channels. However, after the start of independent private TV channels era, they attracted the Pakistani people with great power. Lots of news channels begun telecasting the talk shows and breaking news that no doubt start spreading information among the masses but it also put an important responsibility on media that while enjoying the freedom and power to reshape the opinion, media has to be more responsible and consider society norms during broadcasting. Unfortunately, Pakistani young media has made so many mistakes. Every TV channel wants to be The first in breaking the news and maximum viewership of their talk shows so they put ethics aside. GRFs report also discussed the growth of mass media in Pakistan, which was very much helpful to understand the nature of Pakistani media. It is all necessary to develop an effective code of conduct that media should be examined carefully and comprehensively. This portion of the report covered the growth of Pakistani media in last 50 years when 80per cent of the population were living in rural areas. They people did not have access to information due to lack of literacy, improper road conditions that constrained the speed of delivering newspapers and cost of the newspapers had somehow been played a role in distribution of information. Having all these problems, media did enjoy a significant role at that time. Nevertheless, media boosted up the area of its reach day-by-day and start participating to shape the civil society. In a part of print media, the report explained the role of newspapers and magazines, which have increased its circulation by 10 times, as it had 50 years back. Readership of newspapers were divided in regulars and casuals including English and Urdu readers. Price of the newspapers had also affected its circulation that why half of the readers borrowed newspapers. The report suggested that how newspapers survived while passing through hard times of restrictions by the authorities, especially by the dictators. During Zias regime newspapers had to get their copy approved from PIDÂ  [1]Â  on repeatedly every day. They were not allowed to publish news stories that criticising the government. PID instructed them what to be published and what not to be. Once a mainstream English newspaper ordered by PID to remove a news story from the paper, it left the space blank to give people a message that here was a news story but government did not allow us to publish (Zamir Niazi 1986). About electronic media, report revealed that TV has become an important part of Pakistani society as more than 80per cent of urban and almost 50per cent of rural population own TV sets, watched regularly but the high effect of its content has been exaggerated. The number of campaigns against the political parties was remained unable to make people to change their loyalty. The report marked the relationship between reach, awareness, attitude formation and behaviour change as very much complex to understand. Less than 50per cent of people having radio sets, listen it regularly. It is far more essential to be aware of the role of electronic media along with its influence and boundaries while developing the code of ethics. The report further lay a hand on the parameters of media ethics that what should be codes for media, which has to cover political, commercial and social issues. However, discussed little more that a code of conduct should linked with global norms to ensure the programmes and advertisements discourage violence, ethnicity, religious discrimination and hatred. Media should respect the sovereignty and culture of the state that are declared in the constitution. The report talked about Pakistani authorities those were working to establish a regulatory body and official code of conduct for media. At that time, a bill draft proposing codes of ethics that media should: Be accurate Promote truth Be fair Respect the right of privacy Repress any kind of discrimination Decrease harm in society Report in decent way Droop violence Discourage sensationalism Avoid to be slander and libel Media supposed to provide accurate information. Unconfirmed and incorrect information could create huge problems in society as well as among countries. However, Pakistani media is in race of ratings that makes it as fast as it can be. With the aim to defeating others, media practitioners, most of the time spread wrong information, which sometimes made them sorry and urged them to publish contradictions. Regarding TV programmes, PEMRAÂ  [2]Â  rules say, No programme shall be aired which contains material which may be detrimental to relations of Pakistan with other countries (Section A, Clause 1/O). However, few months back, a Pakistani English news channel broadcasted an unconfirmed Wikileaks cable accusing India that Hindu extremist lobby could attack Pakistan. The report also suggested that Indian government supported by genocidal army that propagated against Pakistan. The report created problems between the two countries. Wikileaks pointed it out a wrong cable so that Pakistani media had to publish contradiction. In recent news, while reporting on Presidents health issue, media seemed clueless about the facts that why actually Mr. Zardari went to Dubai, every news channels and newspaper reported different information that were proved wrong. Media should avoid speculation-based reporting. Media personnel must be fair and have to be objective rather subjective. Media have to put both sides of a picture in front of its viewers or readers and let them to develop their own point of view regarding any issue. However, Pakistani media either print or electronic, in its content, looks like biased that favor one party and trying to prove the others wrong. Talk shows are at their best to doing this where some anchor persons taking side of their beloved party. They specially criticized the government, reason of doing this is that Pakistani people were always complaining against the government policies and somehow they were right but it is not an anchors job to do so. Media ethics demand them to be fair and unbiased. Geos self-proclaimed most watched talk show Aaj Kamran Khan Kay Sath is a best example of this because the programme always trying to establish that government has failed to deliver and it has to go home very soon. Opponents of the government are invited in the talk show. Print media also doing the same while publishing news reports. Another talk show entitled Hasb-e-Hal of Dunya News has also been doing the same as it always portrayed negative picture of national institutions, politicians and Pakistani society but in humorous way. Now in current issue of Haqqanis Memo scandal, almost every anchorperson of TV channels and news stories of newspapers seem to prove Hussain Haqqani guilty while the case is in court. Media ethics demand them to inform not to pass the verdict that he is guilty or not. Pakistan is an Islamic state and Islam asks to reduce harm and promote harmony in society. According to the PEMRA rules, Programmes must not be directed against the sanctity of home, family and marital harmony (Section A, Clause 3). Pakistani media supposed to play its part according to this rule but a one can easily see contrary reality of its performance. Like many broader ethical systems, journalism ethics include the principle of limitation of harm. This often involves the withholding of certain details from reports such as the names of minor children, crime victims names or information not materially related to particular news reports release of which might, for example, harm someones reputation. Reporting of accident or rape case, reporters along with camera operator reach victims house and start report in dramatic way that would hurt the feelings of affected family. Another PEMRA rule tried to decrease harm by saying that, contains an abusive comment that, when taken in context, tends to or is likely to expose an individual or a group or class of individuals to hatred or contempt on the basis of race or caste, national, ethnic or linguistic origin, colour or religion or sect, sex, sexual orientation, age or mental or physical disability (Section A, Clause 1/c). Nevertheless, TV programmes of disabled persons can often be seen on Pakistani media those will hurt the feelings of disabled people. So many sex-orienting dramas, religious, ethnic and sex-based documentaries have also been part of TV programmes. For some offensive material is acknowledged as important to the story. Indecent words, videos and pictures are often seen in Pakistani media. Vulgar stories, immodest dialogues and indecent dressing of actors in TV dramas, are unsuitable for Pakistani society. Shouted-anchors sometimes used harsh language. Indecent content should be moved from front to inside page of newspaper and in TV programmes from prime time to late night, when children are not watching and the PEMRA rules say that No programme shall be aired which is against basic cultural values, morality and good manners (Section A, Clause 1/i) and Particular care should be taken to ensure that programmes meant for children do not contain objectionable language or are disrespectful to their parents or elders (Section A, Clause 2). During floods in 2010, in name of information media, especially electronic media put affected families on show with their broken houses, crying and appealing for help. Media could easily inform masses regarding the devastation and the most flood-hit areas without exposing the harsh reality of the condition of flood victims by showing the destruction through charts and maps. While reporting a scuffle between she-males in unfitted way as they physically had beaten each other, media had ignored the PEMRA rule which says denigrates men or women through the depiction in any manner of the figure, in such a way as to have the effect of being indecent or derogatory (Section A, Clause 1/L). As few of them were shirtless and used, abusing language but camera operator did not take of the camera and the telecasting authorities did not stop that vulgar piece of video. To regulate TV advertisements, the PEMRA rules said, No advertisement shall be permitted which glorifies adultery, lustful passions or alcoholic drinks or the non-Islamic values (Section A, Clause 2/d), but advertisements of facial and hair removing creams, body lotions, beauty soaps etc, promote adultery and lustful passion among young generation. All these activities are absolutely against the Islamic values. It is violation of privacy rights to publish private information about someone who has a logical expectation of privacy. No one has the right to interfere others personal matters. Investigative reporting demands some extraordinary efforts to get hidden truth of any important event but sometimes journalists efforts violate the right of a persons privacy. The report also talked about the media actors that includes media personnel, audience and the judges who are the third party to examine the role of media and its effects on the behaviours. Nowadays, media industry has become a huge commercial industry, which has a complete hierarchy of professionals as owners, managers and other professionals. The report argued that the role of media owners should be limited in the organization as their focus would be only on maximum profit and they could violate the code of ethics that demands something beyond the financial benefits. There should be a board of professionals, which run the organization according the codes. Conclusion All fields of lifework ought to have set of rules to follow to ensure the safety of the society as well as themselves. Those rules also ensure restrictions on who could take personal benefits of his/her position in immoral way. This research is a well effort by GRF to discuss the ethics in Pakistani media. However, there are so many areas that were remained untouched, as it talked about the journalism ethics that are already existed but did not recommend anything new for ethical codes. A comprehensive history of print and electronic media in Pakistan was thrash out in the research, which is, somehow, looks irrelevant when it revealed the result of a survey conducted by Gallup Pakistan, which provided information regarding the number of people in Pakistan who are watching TV, listening radio and reading newspaper regularly. GRFs report should spoke about the criteria for ethical codes, freedom and limitations of media organizations according to norms of Pakistani society rather to discuss how many people buy newspapers, and how many borrow it from other. It should reveal the actual performance of the media that is it working efficiently and obeying the ethical codes or just focusing on financial benefits. If media working against the journalism ethics than how much it is affecting the society negatively and how it could be put on the right way. Norms of Pakistani society should also be discussed, which will be very much helpful to judge the existing ethical codes. This kind of judgment, which was missing in the report, could make someone able to develop new lines for media to follow. This country paper of GRF conferred the parameters of media ethics that it should caters the need of public according the norms but the paper did not speak how media could build up a proper code of ethics that is acceptable for every one. This is not reasonable, in a paper on media ethics, to present information about scuffles between governments and media regarding the content, which was published in newspapers over the years, purely based on personal conflicts. If the conflicts were based on code of ethics related to societys problems, in that case, it would be better for both the government and media organisation, it would help government to promulgate official code of ethics as well as would help media to put and maintain pressure on governments erroneous policies.

Essay --

The novel Lord of the Flies is obviously a fiction novel, not a real story. But that said it has a lot of real life morals that we can relate to and even compare and contrast to our everyday life. It takes morals from our everyday life and even history of humans, some biblical perspectives even. Some topics are how the island can be represented as the Garden of Eden, the fight for leadership, struggle to survive, and the symbolism of the conch. First we’ll look at the biblical view; the island is like the Garden of Eden. The island was described as perfect and a paradise, then the plane crashed and the boys came. The book describes the island with beauty and majesty and just a great place to be- a tropical paradise. If we take a look at the bible in Genesis, it describes the Garden of Eden the same way, no sin, no danger, nothing bad. Then the influence of man came. The plane in LotF makes a scar on the island when it crashes, making the island imperfect, the boys quarrel and fight, the spill the pigs blood on the surface, start fires, build homes, the boys basically colonize the island in their own little way, and in the end, basically burn the whole thing. Same with the Garden, God makes the Garden of Eden beautiful, and perfect. The trees, animals, and everything else all live together. Then the serpent comes and tempts the woman, whom gives to the man, and then the fall happened. Man’s sinful nature sh ows through in both these stories, all that was good and beautiful is destroyed by man. The fight for leadership is a huge conflict in this story, maybe even the main one. Ralph has the good leader figure about him; he finds the conch and makes sit a symbol of power almost. It is something that in the beginning can con... ...s boys do. These boys in the book though take these actions to a new level, they murder two of the boys with them, burn the island, hunt to live but also brutally kill the pigs to. But in the end they are only young immature boys, when the captain comes in the end then the author describes Jack, this great, powerful, barbarian leader just a small lost boy chasing other boys with spears made of rocks tied to sticks. They end up being nothing more. The novel Lord of the Flies is obviously a fiction novel, not a real story. But that said it has a lot of real life morals that we can relate to and even compare and contrast to our everyday life. The boys on the island have relatable situations to us in our world today and the world in the past. The fiction novel is a great book, the author makes connections between the two worlds, and they are easily distinguishable.

Joy Luck Club :: essays research papers

Growing Up In A New World â€Å"`Then I wish I wasn’t your daughter. I wish you weren’t my mother,’ I shouted.† â€Å"`Too late change this,’ said my mother shrilly.† â€Å"`Then I wish I’d never been born!’ I shouted. `I wish I were dead!’† (p. 153) In the novel, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, many conflicts arise between the mothers and their daughters. Problems arise from the high expectations from Chinese mothers, the mothers’ pride in their daughters, and the daughters’ disrespect towards their mothers. Two very similar problems grow and resolve in the novel. The problem between June and her mother reflects the problem between Waverly and her mother. The conflicts between the mothers and daughters of the novel come from the mothers’ high expectations for their daughters. Suyuan expects her daughter June to be a prodigy at something. This idea of a prodigy came from Auntie Lindo, Waverly’s mother. Lindo takes pride in her daughter’s skill in playing chess. Suyuan expects something to be proud of about her daughter as well. â€Å"Of course you can be prodigy, too†¦ You can be best anything. What does Auntie Lindo know? Her daughter, she is only best tricky.† (p.141) She begins to give June piano lessons. June practices for two hours everyday in preparation for a talent show a few weeks later. Suyuan wanted to show the whole Joy Luck Club her daughter’s talent. She expected a lot from June, exacerbated by Auntie Lindo’s pride in Waverly. In Waverly’s situation, Auntie Lindo watched closely to her practice playing chess. She gave her tips that she never listened to because her mot her never played chess before. Both mothers are very tight on their daughters, hoping to boost their skill and talent. In the end, their encouragement ends everything in their daughters. Problems only worsen as the mothers brag about their daughters having their talents. The traditional Chinese mothers have expectations for their daughters so they can show them off to everyone. Their daughters having a special talent gives them an augmented appearance, being the mother of that special gift. It gives the mothers a feeling of being higher in society; being able to brag. One incident of their bragging back and forth is a few weeks before June’s piano talent show. Auntie Lindo talks about her daughter being a celebrity in Chinatown as the chess champion. â€Å"Our problem worser than yours. If we asked Jing-mei wash dish, she hear nothing but music.

Understanding The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

Understanding The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   There are more reported cases of clinical depression in women than their are in men. There is also, generalized in western cultures, a stereotype that women are fragile and should be more dedicated to maintaining the home, doing feminine things, that they shouldn't work, and be discouraged from intellectual thinking. In the Victorian period (1837-1901) aside from women's suffragette movements the Victorian woman usually upheld this stereotype of a well behaved wife, more or less a possession then an individual. However, there were a few who defied the odds and took it to heart to let the world know about the indifference's that they went through. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, feminist, was one of these women who used her writing to express the differences and hardships women went through. One of her more famous works, the Yellow Wallpaper, is known as both a feminist piece and a depiction of Victorian life and indifferences for women. It is a piece that can have controversial me anings that can be taken to heart to why Gilman ever wrote it.    "The Yellow Wallpaper" has a simple enough story, the woman is taken to a rented house to recover from a nervous depression that she was experiencing. The depression was something common in women of the time, especially in more upper class women with little to do. The antidote " the cure" was developed by a Weir Mitchell, for psychoneurosies, in theory a women should inhibit herself from any kind of work or thinking and to get as much fresh air as possible. The heroine is subjected to this cure. Having been confined to a room in the house she starts imagining things in the wallpaper that she hates so much. However, as the story progresses it i... ...it to show that kind of diversity. She probably wanted a release, to share her life, to get back at the Wier Cure, to show the injustice brought to women of the period and to probably just be creative. In finding reviews and biographies on Gilman one does not find too many bad words written on her. She is held as a very prestigious writer. As for the yellow wallpaper it really expands the minds and makes one have to sit back and analyze what was really going on.    Works Cited    Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"? http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/ daniel/amlit/wallpaper/Whywrote.html    Korb, Rena. An Overview of "The Yellow Wallpgper," in Exploring Short Stories Literature Resource Center. Gale Research, 1998.    Stone, Les. Charlotte (Anna) Perkins (Stetson) Gilman. Contemporary A uthors Online. The Gale Group, 2000.

East Asia History Essay

Q1a Meaning of sumo and baseball in Japan In Japan, Sumo and baseball are the central sports and depict the cultural belief of achievement, individual effort and character. Sumo is very significant â€Å"to the roots of Japan and is a form of national pride. Therefore sumo is a reflection of the historical Japan, and is today the most important sport acting as a national symbol. Somo was always encouraged young men and boys. However with the growing number of the youth, who have not seen the importance of the traditions of their forefathers have discarded this sport and replaced it with the contemporary sport of baseball. This means that baseball is taking centre stage as the most popular sort especially for the urban youth. Sumo in a way is a representative of the old generation being replaced by a modern sport of baseball. Q3. The position of women in neo-Confucian cultures â€Å"It has been justly remarked that a nation’s civilization may be estimated by the rank which females hold in society. If the civilization of China be judged of by this test, she is surely far from occupying that first place which she so strongly claims† (Chinese repository, 313). This is the remark about women in China, and is correct by all means. In many cultures across the world women and men posses’ distinct functions and responsibilities and in the Neo-Confucian cultures women held a very important position but a lesser one from that of men. Confucians viewed the family â€Å"as a microcosm of the state† which was ruled by a male emperor, therefore it meant that the man was the natural head of the home. The position of women was at home where she was to assume the responsibilities or ‘Dao’ (woman’s way) of a wife and mother. Her other roles included the upbringing of children which included their education. The woman was called to be obedient to her father first, secondly to her husband and to her grown son. Such views portrayed a woman as a tool for men, which would lead eventually to such cultural practices of â€Å"foot-binding† (meant to limit the mobility of females and serve as erotic pleasure for the men. ) Other practices included the â€Å"cult of chastity† where windows were elevated to the role of â€Å"cultural heroes† also such practices led to such harsh traditions of selling unwanted daughters. http://chnm. gmu. edu/wwh/modules/lesson10/lesson10. php? s=0 Confucianism eventually was labeled as the â€Å"chief causes for Chinas failure to modernize† by the â€Å"May fourth â€Å"generation that comprised of communists and intellectuals. Buddhism in china and Japan changed the influence that Confucianism had on the belief of women’s position in the society. By late 19th century, the liberation for the women became a major driving force within the reform and revolution movements. Male crusaders advocated for greater role for the women in the transformation of their nation. Educated women from Japan and China rallied behind them and started speaking and writing publicly for the first time. This attracted opposition and protests from the conservatives and traditionalists who wanted the status quo of gender roles to remain. They viewed the female activists as â€Å"unseemly, unfeminine and too western†. (http://chnm. gmu. edu/wwh/modules/lesson10/lesson10. php? s=0) The journey to liberation for the women is not over yet; but bolder steps have been made towards this end. And in the contemporary East Asia, women have been honored alongside men for their militant participation against in the Taiping Rebellion, where Hakka women fought against Mancho government as soldiers. Q4.  The state of Chinese economy at the time of the Chairman Mao’s death in 1976 to date In May 16th 1966 Chairman Mao Zedong lunched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution that resulted to widespread power struggles that almost brought China to the brink of Civil War. Because of this strain China’s Economy stagnated which also affected the social and political aspect of the republic. ( http://en. wikipedia. org) After the fall of ‘the Gang of Four’ Hua Guofeng and later in 1977 Deng Xiaoping led China in affirming the modernization Programme that had been started by Zhou Enlai in 1975. Deng Xiaoping further initiated new Policies towards achieving the Four Modernizations. The Policies played a very important role in revitalizing the economy of China. The policies played a very important role of strengthening the authority that managers and economic decision makers had as opposed to political or party officials. ( http://en. wikipedia. org) Through these policies workers were offered material incentives, research and education systems were highly strengthened and strategize for an increase in foreign trade. In the period between 1976 and 1978 the economy started peaking from the Cultural Revolution. China’s economy was wholly dependent on agriculture, which had been adversely affected by three years of poor weather in 1977 that saw the drop of agricultural output. However the harvest hit a record high of 14% in 1977 and 13% in 1978. ( http://en. wikipedia. org) Today China’s economy is rated among the highest in the world becoming the world’s second largest and rated as the fastest growing economy in modern history with ac consistent GDP of over 10 %. ( http://en. wikipedia. org)

Description of Nicaraguan Photo

Roosevelt Campbell Professor Finnegan English 111 (009) 7 October 2012 The death of the young man in the Nicaraguan war The photograph by Koen Wessing, â€Å"Nicaragua† (1970) shows a group of people around a dead body on a torn up street in a tragic scene. In the foreground, lies a dead young man on a bumpy road covered with a white sheet, looks like an army boot on one foot sticking out. In the foreground, at the head of the body blood stains are noticeable. A woman who seems to be the young man’s mother walks right up to the body, holding up a sheet to her mouth, and starts to shed tears.In the background four people stand in the street, who appear to be family members or friends of the deceased. A man, who seems to be the boy’s father or uncle, walks behind the body towards the mother. He does not confront or look at the body, with his head down and his hands together in front of him at his waist as a sign of grief. Behind the man, a friend of the family star es at the body with a handkerchief to her nose, protecting her from the stench. Alongside her is a family member who is partially hidden by the man.Only a little part of her hair, arms and legs are visible. A family member also stares at the body with a sheet wrapped across her arm. I also notice that behind these people is graffiti on the door of a building which says â€Å"FSLN† which stands for Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (Spanish). In English, this means Sandinista National Liberation Front which is a social democratic party in Nicaragua. On that same building I can see holes on a building behind the group of people maybe they are bullet holes, from the gun when they fired at the young man.Look like there is even a spent shell to the left of the head of the body. In this photo by Koen Wessing, it indicates how the family members and friends have been affected by the death of the young man, not only them but how the country as a whole has been deeply affected with the deaths and destructions which have been taking place in the country, seemed to have been caused by a war. Koen Wessing portrays how war destroys families and the struggle that people in this scene and the whole country has to go through.When looking at the young man’s mother, family members and friends, you can see by their facial expression and body language that they’re broken down mentally by the death of the young man, which deeply affects them. This can cause problems such as depression and anger. This can even continue to affect them later on in the future. To my assumption he may have been brutally murdered by Somoza’s National Guard (opposition to the Sandinistas), because of his affiliation with the Sandinistas, and he may not have been the only innocent person to be killed by them, so there would have been other families affected by this turmoil.This war has not only affected the people but the country’s infrastructure as well such as t he roads and buildings that were demolished. Homes might have also been wrecked leaving people homeless which might cause them and their children to be sleeping without a roof over their head which is not healthy. Some businesses may have been shut down, and with no businesses, people would be out of jobs and as a result of this, they wouldnot being able to provide for their family. Schools also might have been closed and this would have deeply affected the educational progress of the students and affect them in the future.In conclusion, this photo clearly states the suffering the people and the country as a whole had to go through, and how the dead are left to remind the people of fear and sadness. This image illustrates the devastating effect that a war can have on the people and its country. Koen Wessing is telling us that a war can cause a lot of problems in a country and it would be very difficult to reestablish all the aspects which have been affected. Works Cited Koen, Wessin g. Nicaragua. 1970. Photograph. English 111 Course Page. Web.

Explorers of the Renaissance

Bartholomew Dais, the explorer for Portugal, planned to head an expedition in search of a sea route to India. Though, at the end of his voyage he only became the first sail to the tip of Africa. This, landing has only created a new name for the Cabot ads Galahs and the cape Cabot ads Torments for his country. Dais had a voyage that inspired explorers to try a faster or better route to travel, which lead to the discoveries of newer lands;also, this voyage helped encourage inventors and scientists to invent effective techniques and new technology that could help future expeditions.Magellan studied very famous explorers for many years in Portugal. He planed to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west and around the world. Ferdinand Magellan, an explorer of Spain, has amazed us with his courage by venturing through the chaotic and the untouched world. Through his voyage Magellan provided the first positive proof that the world was round, thus opening trade routes to explorers al l over the world. Ferdinand Magellan is recognized as the first person to circumnavigate the world.His discovery of this route had the effects in many ways; for example, the religion of Christianity has also traveled along his Journeys, and also his geographical finding has made the current map more accurate then it originally was. Jacques Carrier sailed in the name of France. Carrier searched to find a Northwest Passage to India and the Spice Islands and also looking for new places to trade. In the end Carrier was the first to sail up the SST. Lawrence River and Canada. Canada was claimed as a piece of France; furthermore, this opened up for trade with the natives.

Development of English Sonnet Essay

It is the Italian sonnet (or Petrarchan) which is the legitimate form, for it alone recognizes that peculiar unbalance of parts which is its salient characteristic. The English sonnet does something rather different with the form which is not quite as interesting or as subtle. English took Petrarchan sonnet, modified and elevated it to most celebrated and well-known form of poetry. Petrarchan sonnet was restricted to the idealization of women and illustration of the agonies of amorous affairs but English poets transformed it into a form capable of convey the subtle feelings, intricacies of mental processes, socio-economic concerns and the individual pathos and miseries. English sonneteers not only re-invented the form of sonnet but also revolutionized and rationalized its subject matter enabling it to include and articulate the subtle ideas and thoughts. The Italian sonnet has two parts – the Octave, a stanza of eight lines and the Sestet, a stanza of six lines, The Octave is composed of two rhymes that has the following scheme ; a b b a, a b b a. The, sestet has sometimes two rhymes, sometimes three, different from the rhymes of the Octave c d e, c d e, c d c, d c d, c d e, d c e. , The Octave may be divided into two quatrains, the sestet into two tercets. At the end of the Octave, i. e. , after the eighth lines, there is a conspicuous pause or Caesura (it is often manifested by a space) followed by a Volta or a turn in the thought. But it may be noted that in Italian sonnets this break of thought is not found as a rule. (Spiller, 1992, p. 3) Sonnet in England was pioneered by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard in the first half of the 16th century, but they did not follow the Italian pattern of the sonnet and thought about a change in its form. It was Sir Thomas Wyatt who first initiated the Petrarchan sonnets and reinvented the art of sonnet (Spiller, 1992, p. 3) He founded the beauty of the form of a sonnet excellently suited as a vehicle for the expression of personal feeling, without taking recourse to allegory or fiction. And through sonnet, translated or imitated, lyricism with its music of feeling and passion flowed through poetry in England. Wyatt’s sonnets `The Long Love . . . and `Whoso List to Hunt` justifies the opinion. But this change was related to subject matter only. Thomas P. Roche says in this regard; â€Å"Petrarch poems of fourteen line and that the earliest examples in English by Wyatt and Surrey established the norm. Almost equally surely there can be no question that the word sonnet in the renaissance did not refer merely to fourteen-line norm. † (p. XI) With Wyatt discovered the rhythm and music of English sonnets-born out of a Petrarchan convention. Surrey particularly introduced a rhyme-scheme, different from the Italian model, for instance `The Soote Season`. Surrey substituted the less elaborate and easier form, eschewing the Italian form, which Wyatt had introduced-three quatrains with different rhymes followed by a couplet. His sonnets are divided into three quatrains (of four lines each followed by a rhyming couplet of two lines). Additionally, he totally changed the purpose of sonnets as he wrote elegiac sonnets as well. Surrey’s elegiac soonets on the death of Wyatt and of Thomas Clere are presumably the first elegiac sonnet in England. (John, 1938, p. 10) Shakespeare has followed the pattern of Surrey in his sonnets. Since he has made a splendid use of this form, it is known after him and not surrey, its real originator. The end of octave in English sonnet does not have any hiatus or twist of thought. It carries the though up to the concluding couplet, where poets wrap up pitching the subject matter of the sonnet at the highest level of his thought. Its rhyme scheme is a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g. In Shakespearean sonnet, the quatrains stand apart so far as the rhyming scheme is concerned, though in their subject matter they are linked together. Spenser evolved a new variety in that each of his quatrains was linked to the other by an intermixture of the rhymes in the following manner a b a b, b c b c, c d c d, e e. (Spiller, 1992) In addition to the form, the major development was the subject matter of the sonnet. Petrarchan sonnet was entirely based on the idealization of women but unlike it, English sonnet showed a consistent resistance to the glorification of women. â€Å"There was never ffile half so well field† by Wyatt and â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth† are example of this. Dasenbrock labels this as the â€Å"blame-style† of Wyatt and his subsequent sonneteers. As it has already been noted, the sonnet found its way to the Tudor court of England through Wyatt and Surrey. Although mid-Tudor miscellanies were very popular in those days but were unable to left its imprint on the form and/or subject matter of the poem. So there was no remarkable development in English sonnet from Wyatt and Surrey in 1830s and 1840s to the time of Spenser and Sidney in 1580 and 1590. This was due to the fact that there was no critical interest of the contemporary poet in the poetry of the time. This phenomenon is mourned by C. S Lewis as â€Å"the late medieval swamp†. (p. 25) Additionally, as far as the metre is concerned, Elizabethan poetic mindset was unable to accept anything else than pentameter. Other metric forms were considered insubstantial but C. S. Lewis considered this metric form in insufficient to comprehend â€Å"something fully human and adult†. (p. 139) Even then the point of the Italian form was not entirely grasped, for Wyatt’s sonnets all ended with a couplet, and Surrey, after some experimentation, used a pattern of alternately rhymed quatrains, which encouraged logical exposition right up to this final couplet and postponed the turn. However, Wyatt’s sonnets are rigid and awkward, whereas Surrey’s have great artistic merits. Sir Philip Sidney set the vogue of writing sonnet-sequences, In fact, after Wyatt and Surrey, the sonnet was neglected for a number of years. It was for Sidney to revitalize this form by composing one hundred and eight sonnets, all put in Astrophel and Stella, commemorating his fruitless love for Penelope Deveneux, the daughter of his patron, the Earl of Essex. Sidney wrote the sonnet not to satisfy the call of the age, but to express his heart-felt love-experience. Sidney’s sonnets reveal a true lyric emotion. On the one hand, there is in these sonnets much of the conventional material of the Italian sonneteers; but on the other hand there are touches so apt to the situation of a man who loves too late that one hesitates to ascribe them to mere dramatic skill. Sidney’s sonnets are not rich in Words in words only; in vague and unlocalised feelings they are full, material, and circumstantiated. They are struck full of amorous, fancies, far-fetched conceits, befitting his occupation. As a sonneteer Sidney is placed next only to Shakespeare and Spenser. Sidney’s sonnet-sequence known as Astrophel and Stella created a taste for the sonnet form. Many poets tried their hand at the form, mostly to express love for some imagined mistress. This accounts for the artificiality of most of the Elizabethan sonnets. No true passion was the motivation. Sonnets were written merely for the sake of literary fashion. However, Spenser’s Amoretti, a collection of about 88 sonnets, is marked with sincerity. In these sonnets Spenser ran be seen to express his genuine feelings without recourse to allegory. In the first ranks of the works of the English Renaissance, Spenser’s sonnets come between those of Sidney and Shakespeare from which they are different in forms as in sentiment. Spenser wrote Amoretti, a sequence of eighty-eight sonnets, addressed to Elizabeth Boyle whom he married in 1594. Spenser’s sonnets are unique for their purity. They tell a story of love without sin or remorse. There is the purity of tone in them and they show better than anything else the quality in Spenser which Coleridge named ‘Maidenliness†. The love embodied in these sonnets is not of the body, but it for the lady’s divine qualities. In this respect Spenser’s sonnets are distinguished from the sonnets of other Elizabethan sonneteers. They are also unique in form, though written in English style. They are written in three interlinked quatrains in alternative rhyme with the couplet standing alone, i. e. , a b a b, b c b c, c d c d, e e. His best sonnets include: ‘Like as a ship that through the ocean wide’; ‘Most glorious Lord of fife that on this day: ‘Fresh spring the herald of love’s mighty king’; ‘One day I write her name upon the strand’; and ‘Men call you fair, and you do credit it’. Shakespearean sonnets are periodically narrative unlike Sidney and Spenser due to its variety of thematic expressions. He takes into account the socio-economic disquiet about the poet’s abode to frequent worries for the posthumous standing of the poet. Shakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in number, form â€Å"the casket which encloses the most precious pearls of Elizabethan lyricism, some of them unsurpassed by any lyricist. † It is in these sonnets that Shakespeare unlocks his heart. Besides their sincerity of tone, they possess literary qualities of high order, for instance `When I consider every thing that grows` , `Not marble, nor the gilded . . . ` , `My mistress eyes . . . ` and `Whoever hath her wish . . . `. They touch perfection in their phraseology, in their perfect blending of sense and sound, in their versification. He is truly a marvelous sonneteer. However, the still sonnet had to wait till Milton in the post. Elizabethan period, for the English passion for sonneteering died out in the early 17th century. It was Milton who widened the scope of the sonnet which had hitherto been a vehicle to express only love and friendship. Milton uses the form to express his deeply felt emotions on contemporary politics, religion, public, figures, womanhood, and such personal subjects as his blindness. In the words of Henford, â€Å"These later English sonnets are the most immediately personal of all Milton’s utterances, representing emotional moments in his later life, experience which find no adequate expression in his prose-writing in the publication of which he was during these years primarily engaged. We may believe also that they were, like the Psalms, prompted in part by a conscious desire in Milton to exercise himself in verse in preparation for the epic poem which he still intended. † (p. 56) While following Petrarchan pattern, Milton made many stylistic changes in the form. His sentence structure is more complex and the rhythm is slowed down, the syntax tends to overflow the two main and two subsidiary divisions of the poem. Milton’s use of the new style in the Sonnets foreshadows the methods of his later blank verse, where we also find ‘the sense variously drawn out from one verse into another’. The technical changes he takes over from the Renaissance Italians make what is necessarily a short poem into one that seems weighty and sustained; pauses within the lines are added to those suggested by the rhymes, which are partly submerged by the flow of the sense. The sonnet thus becomes a single verse-paragraph flowing through a sound pattern made up of four divisions marked by the rhymes. Milton wrote in all, eighteen sonnets in English and two in Italian. These were composed over a period of twenty years when Milton was busy with political problems and affairs of the common wealth. They are in the nature of occasional outbursts of poetical enthusiasm and do not form a continuous series. Unlike some of the Elizabethan sonnet sequences Milton was never tempted by the idea of writing a sonnet series, nor was he attracted by the subject of love. In fact, he saved it from Cupid and Venus. The sonnets of Milton are simple but majestic records of the feelings of the poet himself. He enlarged the scope of the sonnet by expressing through it sentiments stirred by historical events. Some of his sonnets are personal and domestic. After Milton, the form sonnet fell on evil days for no writer tried his hand on this form seriously. Hardly any sonnet worth the name and recognition was written during the period of one hundred years. It was for Wordsworth to revitalize the form. He adopted the sonnet and used this form with great artistic skill and care. The sonnet was suited to Wordsworth’s poetic genius, because he could handle one thought at a time effectively and the sonnet was best suited to it. The sonnet with its freedom, of choice in theme and emotion, united to its exacting discipline, and to its need of a clear intellectual basis, was a predestined form for Wordsworth. Now Wordsworth adopted the Italian form and introduced some changes in its form and structure best suited to his moods. Sometimes he avoided the break, sometimes, he varied its position. He practiced many varieties of rhyming schemes. In fact, Wordsworth’s sonnets are marked with a greater variety than that in Milton’s. So above-mentioned discussion and supported evidence clearly suggest that English poets not only re-invented the Petrarchan sonnet but developed it to an elevated form of poetry. It remains no more a love-poem reflecting the diversity of thought and creativity of the English poets that made it substantial and sustained form to express and to contain the subtle and delicate thought. Works Cited Dasenbrock, Reed W.Wyatt’s transformation of Petrarch. Comparative Literature. 1988. 40. 122-123. Hanford. James H. John Milton Poet and Humanist: Essays. The Press of Western Reserve University. 1966. John , Lisle Cecil. The Elizabethan Sonnet Sequences: Studies in Conventional Conceits. Columbia University Press. 1938. Lewis. C. S. English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Except Drama. Oxford: Clarendin Press. 1954. Roche, Thomas P. Petrarch and the English Sonnet Sequences. AMS Press. 1988 Spiller, Michael. The Development of the Sonnet: An Introduction. New York: Routledge. 1992

Chapter 3 techniques Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Problem Solving Techniques - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that careful evaluation of the performance of the students who were bullies showed that they scored poorly in classwork. We used this information to discourage other potential bullies as it leads to low grades and poor relations with the administration. We used the examples set by the best performers as obedient and disciplined students. The benchmarking was essential in comparing the best practices and behaviors of students with their performance. The students understood that best behaviors and discipline translates into better performance. The use of teachers and invited guest to speak to students about the effects of bullying helped in transforming the students’ perception of the vice. Looking for opportunities starts by reading and asking on new trends and the methods of realizing these opportunities. I believe that benchmarking is an essential approach to problem-solving in schools. Comparing the behavior of b est-performing students helps to send a message that discipline translates into success. The researcher is endeared towards solving the problem of bullying in school and brainstorming has provided me with an opportunity to find ideas. He consulted with fellow students on the means of ending the scourge that has affected performance. More so, many students feel that their safety and psychological being is threatened. The brainstorming session provides an avenue for students to air their views on the best approach to solving bullying. The author has learned through the process that it is critical to listen to the ideas as they provide means of solving the problems, although others are farfetched. One student suggested that the bullies should be expelled from the school. The ideas proposed are extreme and against the school regulations; however, the lesson learned is that we should listen to others so that we can envision opportunities. Identifying the problem of bullying required that the researcher explains the students the side effects such as an emotional breakdown, poor performance, disciplinary action, and disharmony.

Corporate Social Responsibility is Fundamental to Developing a Global Essay

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McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x - Assignment Example the controversial message that the family’s role in Florence was the same as that of respected Old Testament autocrat slayers and saviors of the people that emblematically inverted the increasing accusations that the Medici had developed tyranny that took all the power from the republican institutions in the city (McHam 32). The sculptures were mainly used as focal points of the courtyard and the garden that were linked. David was raised on a high base at the middle of the courtyard and could be seen when the palace’s main entrance was open. The exact location of the Judith and Holofernes in the plot is not known as the orchard was immediately behind the quad, it may have been noticeable from the quad if it was located on the bloc between the orchard and the quad (McHam 32). The placement of the sculptures reveals that they could easily be viewed by the desired audience since the courtyard could be accessed by palace visitors and the garden could be accessed by an invited group. 2) What evidence does McHam provide that suggests Donatello’s earlier marble version of David was interpreted in political terms? How would the placement of the artist’s later version of David been understood? (p. 34) The inscriptions in the manuscripts which describe the Palazzo della Signoria validate the speculation that had earlier been unproven that they might have been added to the sculpture before 1416 before Danatello recut the figure to emphasize a political role for David as being the defender of Florence (McHam 34). This was done by baring his one of his legs and removing the scroll that had previously used to identify David as being a prophet. The placement of the bronze version of David in the courtyard can be understood as a self-conscious allusion to the previous marble analogue and the inscription it was associated with. It was also a sign that the Medici were closely associated to the regime and supported their principles. 3) According to the author, what was

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

ART - Essay Example he existing relationship between the two concepts is that both aim to achieve visual effects in a composition (Bartel 52).This paper will discuss the works of Leonardo da Vinci’s, The Last Supper 1498, Henri Matisse’s, the Red Room, early 20th century, Vincent van Gogh’s, Starry Nights late 1800s and finally Maya Lin’s Civil Rights Memorial, Atlanta 1989 in sub-sections while relating them to the elements and principles of design. When I closely take a look at the picture, the apostle’s faces are filled with curiosity and anxiety. Here, the element of intensity manifests itself as one analyzes their emotional expression. The artist highly displays comprehension of the apostle’s feelings. On the other hand I may view this element as a clue to the real emotions experienced by Leonardo, he might be challenging his emotions by masking them but in reality he manifests them in the apostles. Their figures are shifting to form three figure groups and in turn between them a space appears. The unity principle can be used to explain the close relationships forming among the apostles, whereas, the space indicates a new beginning in the Italian revolution. People will have different views and start breaking close bonds to unite with the appropriate friends. This tends to explain the principle of balance where the apostles are in search of a visual equilibrium or rather those they share common grounds with. ( Bartel 53). The air element inside the room might seem tensed but looking outside one sees a peaceful quiet environment. This in turn extinguishes some tension within the room as the air outside mixes with the air inside to create a balance. The use of shapes is also evident on this picture; Jesus Christ is at the center of the table in alignment with the rectangular walls, ceiling board and the windows depicting value and depth. His head is keenly centered vertically and horizontally. In terms of color, the left wall is fairly bright as compared to the right

Why traffic congestion is a classic example of the problem of Essay

Why traffic congestion is a classic example of the problem of externalities - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that traffic congestion is the most significant problem in a large number of cities of the world. Traffic congestion is regarded as an example of consumption externality. It is reported by the experts that negative externalities do take place when consumption or production of a good or service by one person imposes a burden of cost on the other people. The result which is achieved from such a scenario does damage the environment. Traffic Congestion produces negative externalities. The present research has identified that various external costs are imposed upon by journeys through cars in the forms of air pollution, traffic congestion, noise pollution, change in climate and accident.   Peaking is responsible for creating traffic congestion. Suppose that a road network is already running at its full capacity. At this kind of situation, if an additional car joins the network, then it is quite evident that it would result in the fall of an av erage speed of all the cars in that road network that in turn would increase the time of journey for all.   Beyond the full road capacity, the cost that a journey through a private car has to bear gets increased due to congestion as it creates more delays in time as well as larger costs of fuel. If an individual takes the decision to drive his/her car at the time of going to work, the ability of the decision actually makes the same road a bit more crowded.... All the additional costs are taken into account, such as extra costs of fuel. Negative externalities are always considered by the economists as undesirable because they help in creating inefficiencies. It simply implies that people indulge in driving even if they should not do so from a societal perspective. For instance, if one estimates that all the benefits of going for a drive including more comfort and more flexible journey surpass the costs of driving in the form of fuel costs and costs of maintenance, then the person would choose driving through personal car as the best mean for going out to work. But, in this calculation, the person has surely neglected some vital component: the costs for longer period which the person would impose on other commuters inadvertently. Thus traffic congestion becomes a classic example of the problem of externality. (Litman, 2003; Lindsey, 2006) 2. Consider the ways in which private motorists will respond to road charges and comment on the private motorists' price elasticity of demand for road use. According to the theory of demand, an increase in price of a normal good/service will cause a fall in the quantity demanded for that good. This logic holds true for the road use by private cars as well. Imposition of road charges implies that costs of road use will increase for private motorists. Given the same benefits derived from going out with a private car, road charges cause the average costs to rise. It will simply result in a fall in the road use by private motorists. They would now prefer to go with a bus or travel in some other time when congestion is lower. Thus the private motorists respond to a road pricing either by reducing the same road usage at peak