Dicrimination of diabetics in the work field Essay

Dicrimination of diabetics in the work field - Essay Example There are two major types of diabetes, Type 1 and Type 2. Type 2 diabetic, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is comparatively high among diabetes and caused because of insulin resistance, primarily owing to obesity, with insufficient production of insulin by the body. That means, the pancreas does not produce the required amount of insulin or the cells in the body do not respond to the insulin, or both. Type 1 diabetic, also called insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes, is caused by autoimmune damage of the beta cells of the pancreas which produce insulin. The food a person eats is broken down through the digestive process into glucose which then passes into the bloodstream and the hormone called insulin allows the glucose to enter in the cell for the normal metabolism the body. In normal person, the pancreas produces the right amount of insulin required for the body. But, if the person has diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond normally to the insulin. Glucose builds up in the blood, not able to enter in the cell because of insufficient or no insulin, flows into the urine and passes from the body unused. Therefore those patients need insulin from an out side source for the metabolism of the cell and in turn for survival (Health Encyclopedia, 2007). The cause of Juvenile Diabetes is basically one’s immune system that it not only protects from the attacks from an external virus but some time goes on to attack particular cells in the pancreas called beta cells which is responsible for the production of insulin. The function of the beta cells is to metabolize carbohydrate. Once this process is hampered, glucose begins to build up in the body leading to the process called acidosis and the body turns on its self yet again and starts eating its own cells. Since the beta cells in the pancreas are damaged due to immune system of the body, production of insulin is stopped,

Heamatology ( The effect of the environmental pollution in the Literature review

Heamatology ( The effect of the environmental pollution in the development of Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia - Literature review Example Steffen et al (2004) anticipated Belson et al’s finding about the weak link between exposure to hydrocarbons and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia among children. Their study investigated the impact of maternal occupational exposure to hydrocarbons when pregnant and leukaemia and found a weak link. According Steffen et al, residential traffic density has a significant association with child leukaemia. This manifested in the places where child leukaemia victims lived near a petrol station or a repair garage. The association suggested a causal association between exposure to benzene emitting sources and acute childhood lymphocytic leukaemia. Behren et al (2008) did not find a significant association between living in high traffic density areas and child acute lymphocytic leukaemia. They argued the resultant inconsistency between their findings on the topic and other studies’ findings could have been because of methodological differences. However, they brought in a plausible explanation to the inconsistency when they cited that different places and regions have varying traffic volumes and emission profiles. Traffic volumes and emission profiles of different places also vary with time and are therefore never stable. Behren et al also explained that the critical time for an environmental exposure to that is enough to cause the development of leukaemia in children is not known. Raaschou-Nielsen et al (2001) investigated the impact of exposure to traffic-related air pollution on the risk of developing childhood cancer. They concluded that traffic-related air pollution in residences does not cause leukaemia in children. This finding further supported the suppressed association between the two variables. However, these authors explained that their selection of cancer cases and control children from registries that were population-based could have been a source of bias in their study. They cited that there was a

Sex is a natural preoccupation Essay Example for Free

Sex is a natural preoccupation Essay Sex is a natural preoccupation. It is on everyones mind from birth to death. For human beings sex can have a variety of meanings: instinctual, spiritual, pleasurable, an act of love to even one of power. Like most things untamed and complex, many feel the need to carve a different understanding of what sex means and define it to values most often rooted in religious philosophy, language and behavior. James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) is an intimate look at a young Irish writer, Stephen Dedalus, whose narrative becomes a fictional adaptation of Joyces own life as a young man. Throughout the novel, we read of Stephens conflict between his lust for women and his passionate devotion to the tenets of the Roman Catholic faith. His struggle is palpable and begs the question: Why? Julienne H. Empric articulates one theory in her essay The Mediation of the Woman and the Interpretation of the Artist in Joyces Portrait saying, [Women are] the magnetic force of that sensual creativity an artist must both court and reject in order to accomplish his purpose (Ben 11). Essentially, the characters inspiration and transformation comes from his fantasies of women (sexual and romantic) and his refusal to be too enchanted by such fantasies. To understand Stephens apprehensions about his sexuality, one must first have a fundamental understanding of the way Catholic ideology defines sexuality and the context by which sexual acts can be accepted. Catholicism has long encouraged careful and at times rigid expectations of its parishioners when it comes to sex. Catholic doctrine accepts sex for procreation within a heterosexual marriage. Religious leaders are asked to commit themselves to a life of celibacy. Carnal desires must be suppressed and homosexuality is forbidden. For difficult or troubled unions, divorce is not an option, only annulment, a process where a couples relationship is proven invalid of the real love that truly sustains a marriage. In another example, the act of masturbation is considered selfish pleasure and runs against conjugal purpose; therefore being unacceptable. Why is sex and sexuality so defined? Several points can be made. M. K. Hellwig suggests, The immediate results are depicted in the story [of creation]. They [Adam and Eve] become painfully aware of their nakedness, their vulnerability; they are embarrassed or afraid to be under scrutiny simply for what they are. They lose the experience of Gods friendship and intimate presence with them not because of Gods anger but because of their own fear, which drives them into hiding. (Hellwig 1981, p. 46) The humiliation of nakedness was a step in making sex taboo. When we engage in sex, we are naked, vulnerable, and surrender to inquiry and carnal desire. In Catholic doctrine, its acceptability is clearly limited to behaviors that serve a particular purpose unique to marriage. But in many respects, one can argue that sex, like religion, is also powerful, emotional, and susceptible. Therefore, it can to some become its own path to deeper meaning and connection, a part of life that can be seen and felt, and easier to commit to. We have inherited a world in which sex itself is a conflicted enterprise. It is no longer (if it ever was) an activity used solely as a means of reproducing the species. 2 Yet few think of sex as simply a way to obtain pleasure and enjoyment. In some ways, we are told that sex is the only way that each of us can truly be known and defined, that we are not truly coupled with another unless we are sexually active with that person. In other conversations (especially those associated with the sexual revolution), indiscriminate sex becomes the route by which we mark our liberation. As Christians, we are charged with the difficult task of sorting out which constructions of sexual activities belong in the new creation as outlined for us by Christ, and which concepts must be rejected. (Rudy 1997, p. xiv). So what does all this have to do with Stephen? His Catholic upbringing appears considerably stricter than one would expect from the average Catholic today. The process of assigning value to personal philosophy and behavior in reaching a higher purpose is vital to him. For Stephen both the church and [his] art become means not only to acquire nobility, but to enter a realm of pure spirit, shedding the repellant flesh forever (Benstock 124). He knows that to be sexually vulnerable is a one-way ticket to a hell he describes as a field of stiff weeds and thistles and tufted nettle bunches. Thick among the tufts of rank stiff growth lay battered canisters and clots and coils of solid excrement and this horror is incessantly grating on his conscious. Chapter 2, section five reveals to us Stephens first sexual experience. He wanders the streets for hours and finally one night a young prostitute dressed in a long pink gown, which he equates with the obscene scrawl which he had read on the oozing wall of a urinal propositions him and he uncomfortably accepts (Benstock 124). Her round arms held him firmly to her and he, seeing her face lifted to him in serious calm and feeling the warm calm rise and fall of her breast, all but burst into hysterical weeping. Tears of joy and relief shone in his delighted eyes and his lips parted though they would not speak. She passed her tinkling hand through his hair, calling him a little rascal. -Give me a kiss, she said. His lips would not bend to kiss her. He wanted to be held firmly in her arms, to be caressed slowly, slowly, slowly. In her arms, he felt that he had suddenly become strong, fearless, and sure of himself. But his lips would not bend to kiss her. With a sudden movement, she bowed his head and joined her lips to his and he read the meaning of her movements in her frank uplifted eyes. It was too much for him. He closed his eyes, surrendering himself to her, body and mind, conscious of nothing in the world but the dark pressure of her softly parting lips. They pressed upon his brain as upon his lips as though they were the vehicle of a vague speech; and between them he felt an unknown and timid pressure, darker than the swoon of sin, softer than sound or odour (Joyce 70 71). In surrendering, he exercises sexual freedom and yet again obsesses over his sinfulness. His romantic viewpoint soon diminishes his experience with prostitutes as cold, empty motion because he wants more. He needs love. When Stephen embraces the prostitute, we remember that this is the youth who is to announce his determination to press in his arms the loveliness which has not yet come into the world. In retrospect, the arms of the prostitute seem a poor substitute (Ryf 145). In other words, Stephen wants to make love, not just have sex to have sex. The act of making love seems to be the only thing worthy of standing up against his religious conviction. In the following paragraph of chapter three, section one, Stephen is again on a nightly prowl of the red light district. It is important to note how far his imagination takes the severity of his sin, as he increasingly feels handicapped by [his] sex and youth. He would follow a devious course up and down the streets, circling always nearer and nearer in a tremor of fear and joy, until his feet led him suddenly round a dark corner. The whores would be just coming out of their houses making ready for the night, yawning lazily after their sleep and settling the hairpins in their clusters of hair. He would pass by them calmly waiting for a sudden movement of his own will or a sudden call to his sin-loving soul from their soft perfumed flesh. Yet as he prowled in quest of that call, his senses, stultified only by his desire, would note keenly all that wounded or shamed them; his eyes, a ring of porter froth on a clothless table or a photograph of two soldiers standing to attention or a gaudy playbill; his ears, the drawling jargon of greeting: (Joyce 72). We soon see that Stephen never understands the opposite sex nor the mystery of the Church. His confusion leads him to a vacuum where the sacred and the mundane can interpenetrate. This unreal perspective he does develop and consequently it shapes his personal interpretation of Catholicism (Ben 14). By the end of chapter three, Stephen gives further elaboration on the hellish outcome that will befall him should he continue his current path. In chapter four, he attempts to rigorously discipline and engross himself in the ways of the Church in an effort to save his devious soul. He is racked by guilt and self-doubt. However, by now, the reader knows Stephen well enough to predict he will fail to meet the rigid standards he has made for himself. Bernard Benstock suggests, The rise of sexual desire in Stephen can be tracked from the photograph of the beautiful Mabel Hunter with demurely taunting eyes to the whore with frank uplifted eyes who first seduces him, to the imagined harlots in his guilty mind with gleaming jewel eyes (Benstock, 188). So distracted by the surreal nature of his fantasies, Stephen is unable to seriously commit to anything. His weakness reveals itself while he discussed the possibility of the priesthood with a senior deacon at his school. The priest idly mentions discovering priestly robes to be somewhat absurd. Just imagine, he tells Stephen, when I was in Belgium I used to see them out cycling in all kinds of weather with this thing up about their knees! It was ridiculous. LES JUPES, they call them in Belgium (Joyce, 111). The young man smiles politely but at the mention of robes, his mind begins to wander into sexual fantasy making his failure inevitable. The names of articles of dress worn by women or of certain soft and delicate stuffs used in their making brought always to his mind a delicate and sinful perfume It had shocked him, too, when he had felt for the first time beneath his tremulous fingers the brittle texture of a womans stocking for, retaining nothing of all he read save that which seemed to him an echo or a prophecy of his own state, it was only amid soft-worded phrases or within rose-soft stuffs that he dared to conceive of the soul or body of a woman moving with tender life. But the phrase on the priests lips was disingenuous for he knew that a priest should not speak lightly on that theme. The phrase had been spoken lightly with design and he felt that his face was being searched by the eyes in the shadow (Joyce 11). Even though he would have himself believe that the proper artistic response is a dispassionate stasis, most of Stephens attempts to write poetry are intimately linked with his sexual needs (Benstock 126). Stephen eventually denounces the Church, but when asked if he would convert to become a Protestant he responds by saying he did not reject a logical absurdity only to embrace an illogical absurdity. Nevertheless, his dilemma is real; that is, that he rejects the Church but cannot forget it. He goes out of his way to satirize its rituals and thereby has the Catholic faith still a living thing within him, and not to remain indifferent to it (Ryf 204). At the end of the novel we enter Stephens point of view through some of his journal entries. He writes, MARCH 21, NIGHT. Free. Soul free and fancy free. Let the dead bury the dead. Ay. And let the dead marry the dead. It appears Stephen has finally found peace. But can we trust that Stephen will remain true to his course? He then writes: MARCH 24. Began with a discussion with my mother. Subject: B. V. M. Handicapped by my sex and youth. To escape held up relations between Jesus and Papa against those-between Mary and her son. Said religion was not a lying-in hospital. Mother indulgent. Said I have a queer mind and have read too much. Not true. Have read little and understood less. Then she said I would come back to faith because I had a restless mind. This means to leave church by back door of sin and re-enter through the skylight of repentance. Cannot repent. Told her so and asked for sixpence. Got threepence (Joyce 182). If Stephen leaves the Catholic Church, he must completely break philosophically and culturally from the one constant he has known in his life. New ground will need continuous validation before any enrichment can occur. Essentially, one needs to have an amazing amount of conviction to feel complete indifference towards your original creed. Whom will he love and what will explain his existence? Can he replace a 2,000-year faith and formation tradition that he is still ambiguous about? I doubt it. However enterprising and articulate Stephen may seem, it is literally too early a period in his life as an artist to suggest that he has settled doubt with Catholicism or is realistically prepared to forge a new path about the wisdom of living anyone could follow. Work Cited 1. ) Ben, Diana A. James Joyce and His Contemporaries. Westport, Connecticut. Greenwood Press, Inc. 1989 2. ) Benstock, Bernard. Approaches to Joyces Portrait: Ten Essays. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1976 3. ) Hellwig, M. K. Understanding Catholicism. New York: Paulist Press. 1981 4. ) Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York, New York. Dover Publications, Inc. 1916, 1994 5. ) Rudy, K. Sex and the Church: Gender, Homosexuality, and the Transformation of Christian Ethics. Boston, Mass. : Beacon Press. 1997 6. ) Ryf, Robert S. A New Approach to Joyce: The Portrait of the Artist as a Guidebook. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California . 1962.

Self-Esteem Self-Concept Essay Example for Free

Self-Esteem Self-Concept Essay Two psychological terms that are very commonly used interchangeably are self-concept and self-esteem, but in fact, there is a difference between the meanings of the terms. A persons self-concept is his knowledge about himself. Similar to how he can know other people, and known facts about how they tend to think, and what they enjoy doing, and what their temperament is like, he can also know these things about himself. Some people have much stronger self-concepts than others, probably because possessing a self-concept in much detail requires reflection on ones own self and behavior. Self-esteem, rather than being something that you know about yourself, is your general attitude toward yourself. It is mostly measured on a scale from positive to negative, and your self-esteem is typically based on whether you think you are successful, a good person, smart, and so on. It can vary depending on the situation and what has been going on lately, and any feedback you have gotten recently from your environment and people around you. The key difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that the addition of feelings. Self-concept is simply the informational side of things, where you know facts about what you are like. Self-esteem is how you feel about those things you know, like whether you enjoy the fact that you are talkative at parties (high self-esteem) or you think that you are annoying and need to learn to shut up sometimes (low self-esteem). There are a variety of self-esteem effects that can come from the self-concept. Self-concept and self-esteem also have a lot in common though, mostly that they are reflective processes. They can be influenced not only by observing ones own self and behavior objectively, but also by observing the reactions that other people have to you and your behavior, or imagining what other people might think of you, or what you would think of yourself if you saw yourself from outside. In addition, self-concept and self-esteem can be developed through comparing oneself to those around you, and that is a big reason that self-esteem is raised or lowered. When you see that you are better at something than somebody else, then you will probably have higher self-esteem because you see and understand your own value. What Can Hurt Self-Concept and Self-Esteem? Of course, having people inaccurately say bad things about you and your character, or make comparisons between you and people who are better than you at objective measures can both hurt self-esteem. Perhaps more interestingly, receiving rewards for doing actions  can actually change your self-concept. If there is something that you enjoy doing as a hobby, and then you get a full-time job doing that activity, you are likely to not enjoy it as a hobby as much or see it as an integral part of yourself, but rather you will view yourself as somebody who does that professionally, but not for fun.

The Criminal Black Stereotypes In Detail

The Criminal Black Stereotypes In Detail In this chapter, I firstly begin with a detailed presentation of the Black male stereotypes, then I bring into discussion the perceptions about Blacks and crime in the United States. The war on drugs of the 1980s represented a real subject of interest and I tried to present and discuss briefly about it because it was a powerful contributor to the typification of criminals as Black. Black Male Stereotypes To begin with, the society we live in, every ethnic group has a certain stereotype that is placed on, even if we admit it or not. Some of these stereotypes are positive, but most of them are negative. During ages, most of us hold a series of stereotypic views about certain races, genders, or classes. These stereotypes are not an error of perception, but a form of social control and people often resent them or live up to them. For instance, when talking about stereotypes that society places upon somebody, the most ones who have their back to the wall are the black men. They have always been seen as criminals or in the worst case as inferior species. Even today black men are depicted as uneducated, marijuana smoking men, that do nothing all day long but to commit crimes. But, what we refuse to admit is the fact that the Whites are more violent and commit ten times more crimes than a Black man. There are a few scholars I selected, that refer strictly to this matter. The first one is Katherin Russel-Brown, that refers to the stereotype as the criminalblackman, because crime and young Black men have become synonymous in American culture. In her book, The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions (1998), she writes that black men have always been portrayed as physical threats. They are blamed for all that is not good. According to her, the criminalblackman is a myth and says that the stereotype enables the use of racial hoaxes, which she defines as: when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of his race OR when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race. (Russel, 1998:69) This quote describes best the society we live in, the reality that distorts peoples image. Here, the blames are not put only on black men, but on other ethnic groups too. Those who are in minority will always be treated like this, as scapegoats. Secondly, Linda G. Tucker came with another argument concerning Black men. In Lockstep and Dance: Images of Black Men in Popular Culture (2007) she argues that the criminal black mens representation in popular culture help to perpetuate the image. In her writings, she states that one of the most significant methods of criminalizing black males is the use of crime as a metaphor for race. In the context of athletics and sports, black men are considered to be suitable for this kind of career. They have win medals in all sports, in contrast with Whites that claim racial superiority in Basketball and American Football. What White people are afraid to admit is that the most exciting sports the ones played by black people. It is believed that sports somehow marginalizes black men from society. Sports take advantage of the fact that some blacks dream to be on television, to show the world that they were born to be athletes. In order to fulfill their goal, they trade their academic future in exchange for the chance to shine in sports. But the reality is that few black men would go on to play professional sports. And even so, they have very short careers which do not last such longer. This system is based on persuasion, peer pressure and leads in the end to self distruction. Sport Institutions are designated to encourage black men not to take advantage of the opportunity of education, in exchange for athletic pursuits. One can play professional sports and still be an intelligent and capable member of the community in which he lives. The author of Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, that also lead me throughout my study for this chapter is Kelly Welch. She is an assistant professor of sociology at Villanova University, where she teaches in the criminal Justice Program. Her research interests include race and crime, sociology of punishment, social justice, crime victims, and public policy. The scientific publication I mentioned before, refers to the stereotyping of blacks as criminals. This image is so pervasive throughout society that criminal predator is used as a euphemism for young Black male. In American society, a prevalent representation of crime is that it is overwhelmingly committed by young Black men. Welch suggests that the familiarity many Americans have with the image of a young Black male as a violent and menacing street thug is fueled and perpetuated by typifications everywhere.(2007:276) In fact, perceptions about the criminals identity cannot be easily changed because it seems that when it comes to talk about crime, inevitably we talk about race too. As I mentioned before, Whites have long viewed criminal behavior as an inherent characteristic of Blacks and this can be traced back to the enslavement of Africans in the United States. The association of crime with Blackness may have existed for some time and can be traced in the 1970s and early 1980s. In that period of time, the image of the young Black man suffered a semnificative transformation, from a rapist into that of a criminal predator. Though Blacks have often been portrayed as physically threatening, the current Black stereotyping of criminals represents an unusual phenomenon. The evolving criminal image of Blacks appears to be a more threatening image than had been considered in the past. The general criminal tendency, now is taken for granted as a biological flaw of African Americans. 2.2.1 Blacks and Crime: Perceptions and Statistics For more than a century, this relationship between race and crime in the United States, has served as a topic of public controversy. Crime is on the top of the list of public concerns and the media often portray it in such manner that can affect our attitudes towards the minority groups from our society. Cesare Lombroso, founder of the Italian school of criminology, argued that criminal behavior was the product of biological factors, including race. He developed a theory according to which, some people were more civilized and others more savage. Black people were grouped obviously in the latter category, along with yellow and mixed group minorities. Lombroso believed that crime was first of all a manifestation of innate qualities and humans can be grouped as prone to crime only by analyzing their physical characteristics. For instance, slave holders from United States, began to associate African Americans with crime due to the fact that their physical features seem savage. As historians have noted, the South part of U.S. has had a higher rate of violence in contrast with other parts. The rise of drug crimes and violence in the inner cities in 1970s and early 1980s, made people to associate black men with criminal predators. This biological perspective was criticized by the early 20th century scholars, including Frances Kellor, Johan Thorsten Sellin and William Du Bois, who argued that other circumstances, such as social and economic conditions, were the central factors which led to criminal behavior, regardless of race. Du Bois traced the causes of the disproportional representation of Blacks in the criminal justice system back to the emancipation of Black slaves in general and the convict leasing program in particular. He wrote: There are no reliable statistics to which one can safely appeal to measure exactly the growth of crime among the emancipated slaves. About seventy per cent of all prisoners in the South are black; this, however, is in part explained by the fact that accused Negroes are still easily convicted and get long sentences, while whites still continue to escape the penalty of many crimes even among themselves. And yet allowing for all this, there can be no reasonable doubt but that there has arisen in the South since the [civil] war a class of black criminals, loafers, and neer-do-wells who are a menace to their fellows, both black and white. (1901:147) Moving on to crime statistics in the recent years, although African-Americans did not surpass the actual number of Whites in nationwide arrests, their presence in these statistics has been greater than their representation in the general public. For example, according to the survey made by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004, Blacks composed approximately 13% of the U.S. population. But in 2002 they accounted for 38% of arrests for violent crimes and nearly 30% of arrests for property crimes. Juvenile arrest statistics indicate that during the same year, Black youth accounted for approximately 43% of arrests for violent crimes and 27% of arrests for property crimes. In 2008 there were approximately 14,180 victims and 16,277 perpetrators of murder and non-negligent homicide reported by law enforcement agencies to the FBI. The following table presents the racial demographics of murder in the United States for 2008: Offenders Victims White Victims Black Victims Other Victims Unknown Victims White 32.8% 48.2% 83.3% 7.6% 30.0% 37.0% Black 36.5% 47.8% 13.8% 90.0% 16.7% 29.0% African Americans, constituting approximately 12% of the general population, were significantly overrepresented in the total arrests made. African Americans were also significantly overrepresented in victimization, representing 47.8% of all murder victims. Murder in White American and African American populations were overwhelmingly intraracial, with 83% of all White victims and 90% of all Black victims having been murdered by individuals of the same race. Secondly, for non-lethal violent crime, law enforcement agencies made arrests for rape, robbery and aggravated assault. The following table presents the racial demographics of these non-lethal violent crimes in the United States for 2008: Total Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault White 58.3% 65.2% 41.7% 63.3% Black 39.4% 32.2% 56.7% 34.2% (U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. 2008) As it is showed in the table, white Americans were arrested more times than Black people in 2008, making up 58.3% of all arrests. White Americans, constituted approximately 79% of the total population, while though, African Americans constituted approximately 12% of the population, and made up 39.4% of all arrests for non-lethal violent crimes in the same year. Thirdly, regarding white-collar crime, there have been arrests by enforcement agencies for forgery and counterfeiting, fraud and embezzlement. The following table presents the racial demographics of these white-collar crimes in the United States for 2008: Total Forgery-Counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement White 67.4% 67.7% 67.5% 64.5% Black 30.9% 30.7% 30.8% 33.4% (U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. 2008. Retrieved 07 October 2009) White Americans were arrested again more times Blacks for these white-collar crimes in 2008, making up 67.4% of all arrests. African Americans were significantly overrepresented in forgery/counterfeiting, fraud and embezzlement, making up nearly 30.9% of all arrests. After consulting these tables of arrests made only in 2008, the Black mens image should improve because, these surveys represent the reality we are living in and not those negative narratives and images that media transmits about minorities. This is why they have such a significant influence on the belief of the society. 2.2.2 War on Drugs On Juky 14th , 1969, President Richard Nixon identifies drug abuse as a national threat. After presenting the juvenile drug-related arrests and the street crime that was happening during 1960s and 1967s, he called for a national anti-drug policy at both the federal and state level. Then, he popularized the term War on Drugs when first used it in 1971. The policies that his administration implemented as part of the  Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970  were a continuation of drug prohibition policies in the U.S. which traced back to the year 1914. The first U.S. law which restricted the distribution and use of certain drugs was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act  in 1914. The well-known war on drugs was a powerful contributor to the typification of criminals as Black. Crack was generally recognized as an inexpensive drug that was predominantly used by minorities. Americans were already familiar with cocaine before the war on drugs, however. Prior to crack epidemic, powder cocaine was prevalent in White communities, with little acknowledgement from law enforcement. Black people began to use powder cocaine when this drug was affordable on the market. This contributed to the promotion of punitive policies that have hit the Black population. As Michael Tonry, among others, has noted in Malign Neglect: Race, Crime and Punishment in America: Urban black Americans have borne the brunt of the War on Drugs. They have been arrested, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned at increasing rates since the early 1980s, and grossly out of proportion to their numbers in the general population or among drug users. By every standard, the war has been harder on blacks than on whites. (1995:105) According to crime surveys, racial and ethnic groups consume illegal drugs at approximately similar rates. Specifically, Whites account for almost 75% of the nations illegal drug users, while Blacks for about 13%. But Blacks, however, account for about 75% of the nations drug prisoners, which reveals the extreme disparity manifest in the national crackdown on the drug problem . The sale and use of crack cocaine used by racial minorities, brought them a series of criminal penalties, which are heavier than those associated with other illegal drugs, used by Whites such as powder cocaine. This has resulted in a highly disproportionate number of Blacks who have been criminalized because of their drug use. The war on drugs may have been a war on Blacks or a war on Black drug use (Tonry, 1995). The relationship between race and crime rised various theories in the past hundred years. These theories have ranged from Lambrosos belief that certain group posses inherent criminal tendencies, to the one that is more widely accepted namely that of certain racial groups that are exposed to poverty and this fact lead them to commit crimes more often. Poverty sometimes is thought to be the most prominent cause of crime. Donald Yacovone presented his interesting idea in  The Transformation of the Black Temperance Movement, 1827-1854: An Interpretation, stated as follows: The shift away from modern temperance and to total abstinence in 1836 marked the beginning of black independence from white reform, although whites began to adopt teetotalism during the same period. Acceptance of total abstinence coincided with the adoption of political action as a reform measure and generally of greater militancy among blacks. By rejecting all alcohol, blacks not only sought to establish their personal integrity but they saw themselves as promoting the interests of the larger black community by offering practical and symbolic resistance to the forces of racism and slavery. This statement shows that the people of black antebellum society were genuinely interested in making a change. They believed that by initiating a temperance movement, they would gain the respect of the whites and therefore reduce acts of discrimination. The black temperance movements were established to diminish discrimination against blacks, but instead had more of an effect on the intemperance of members of the community who were of all ethnic backgrounds. There were voluntary associations involved in determining the causes of crime, preventing crime, or reforming citizens who had committed crimes. And they played a huge role in helping the residents of the black community feel safe. Many of these voluntary associations contributed to aiding the suffering black population of Boston. These associations extended their aid to the black population and many allowed membership to black citizens. These groups all aided the process of liberating blacks and helping them to integrate into society. 2.3 Conclusion This chapter was meant to bring into discussion the association of crime with Blackness. The reputation of Blacks has been characterized by beliefs about predispositions toward criminality that can be traced back to the enslavement of Africans in the United States. I have shown that the current recognizability of the image of a young Black criminal has been the result of various representations of crime. Contributions to this relationship that many identify between African Americans and criminality include actual involvement in crime, especially crack cocaine violations and violent offenses. Blacks do account for a disproportionate amount of crime arrests and are disproportionately convicted and incarcerated. But public estimates of Black criminality surpass the reality.

HRM Issues in China Essay examples -- Human Resources Management Chine

Issues affecting International Human Resource Management in China â€Å"Napoleon called China a sleeping dragon and said there would be woe to the world when the dragon awakes. As the world knows, the dragon is more than stirring.† Introduction The Chinese believe that the Great Dragon ruled the Middle Kingdom of the world for nearly four thousand years. For most of this period China was a great trading nation. Then the dragon fell asleep for two centuries, while China collapsed under the effects of colonialism, until in 1978 Deng Xiao Ping woke the dragon up. And now the Chinese dragon is back, hungry to take its place as the economic and cultural superpower of the 21st century. Nowadays China is often called the world’s largest market. Many people might think that it is very easy to start business in China and that success is guaranteed because of the huge potential of the market. But that isn’t true. Making successful business in China is not that easy as it might seem. There are many potential problems which can arise. For instance the Chinese civilisation is five thousand years old and because of that the Chinese culture, tradition and value system have a significant impact on the different business processes. As the largest country in population, China has 50 plus different minority groups of people each have its own culture, custom, norm, tradition, even unique holidays and languages. Also, as one of the top three nations in land size, China is geographically divided into many regional centres across the nation each has unique cultural aspects in terms of tradition, value, social norm, belief, and organisational features. Those unique cultural factors will present numerous challenges to foreign investors and international joint venture managers. In this essay I want to discuss issues effecting human resource management which is, according to many foreign executives, the greatest challenge for Western companies in China today. The significance of culture in international Human Resource Management According to Hofstede the influence of national culture is important to management for three reasons. The first is political and institutional. There are differences between the countries in formal institutions such as government, legal systems, educational systems, labour and employer’s association, and the way they are used. The secon... ...-158. Hofstede, Geert: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_china.shtml, 1.12.2004. Huo, Paul / von Glinow, Mary Ann: On transplanting human resource practices to China: A culture-driven approach, International Journal of Manpower 16(9), 1995, p. 3 - 15. Huczynski, Andrzej / Buchanan, David: Organizational Behaviour – An Introductory Text, 4th edition, London: Prentice Hall, 2001. McClenahen, John S.: China’s Cultural Challenge, Industry Week 253(4), 2004, p. 10 - 12. Meier, Johannes /Perez, Javier /McKinsey: Solving the puzzle: MNCs in China, Business Source Premier Database, 1995. Scarborough, Jack: Comparing Chinese and Western Cultural Roots: Why ‘East is East and †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, Business Horizons 41(6), 1998, p. 43 - 50. Wang, Yuan / Zhang, Xin Sheng / Goodfellow, Rob: Business Culture in China, 1st edition, Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998. Wilson, Jonathan / Brennan, Ross: Market entry methods for western firms in China, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 15(4), 2003, p. 3 - 18. Yang, Jiaqin / Lee, Huei: Identifying key factors for successful joint venture in China, Industrial Management & Data Systems 102(2), 2002, p. 98 - 109.

Essay examples --

INTRODUCTION In an electronic commerce environment, trust is difficult relation to build and even more critical for business success than in traditional commerce. The electronic commerce is not an ordinary business environment where we can trust the vendors. In order for electronic business to prosper, consumers must not be concerned that they will be manipulated, have their credit card numbers stolen, or receive poor quality goods or service. In response to the electronic business needs created by electronic transactions and with the increasing need for third-party assurance to guarantee the trustworthiness of the whole transaction, web seal assurance services have emerged. These web trust assurance services were developed to reduce consumers' concerns. To help consumers determine whether the website is secure, and decide to do online shopping, the AICPA (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants) and the CICA (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants) have jointly developed the Web Trust Seal to help business entities in maintaining an effective privacy program that addresses their privacy risks and business opportunities.. The seal allows consumers to make purchases online with certainty that vendors have met high standards of business practices disclosure, transaction integrity, and information protection. This paper will focus on defining what the AICPA Web Trust Seal, its development background, what the principles are for obtaining the seal, who is responsible for issuing it, its process, cost, and finally the advantages and disadvantages of obtaining the Web Trust Seal. WEB SEAL DEFINED Web Trust is an international electronic commerce seal of approval designed to improve the confidence and security of co... ...ng doing business online. For those firms seeking the highest standards of assurance, the web seal provided by the AICPA is the most appreciated but also the most expensive among the other seals offered as it is evaluated based on the AICPA attestation standard basis. The web seal is considered to improve the customers' perceptions about the online shopping but business firms need to make sure that their customers are well- educated about the seal. The web seal service has several advantages such as ensuring the vendor's credibility, increasing the trustworthiness of the website, improving the company's internal controls, moreover, web seal assurance may lead to higher sales and better brand recognition. On the other side, it is an expensive service, and requires customers to be well informed about it in order for the mentioned advantages to be fulfilled.